Leyew 2006: 33. Quoted as kʰū=kʰˈúm in [Wedekind 2002: 16].
Begi Mao:kò=kʋ́m1
Wedekind 2002: 16.
Opo:àbīgīn2
Silfhout 2013: 58.
Komo:ɛ̄šǐːn3
Krell 2011: 17. Quoted as ʔášːǐːn-būn in [Wedekind 2002: 16]. Not attested in Otero's or Bender's data.
Uduk:ɓáːr4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 36. Also ɓáːr mō 'every' [ibid.]. According to [Killian 2015: 248], this is a specialized completive usage of the verb ɓár 'to finish'.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Kwama:pʼíkín1
Leyew 2006: 33. Quoted as pʼēgı̄n in [Wedekind 2002: 16]; as pʼikʼin in [Bender 1983: 268]; as pʼıkın in [Hellenthal 2015: 44].
Begi Mao:pʼìkı̄n1
Wedekind 2002: 16.
Opo:pìtī1
Silfhout 2013: 103. Quoted as piti in [Bender 1983: 268].
Komo:pʼin1
Otero 2015: 50; Bender 1983: 268. Quoted as pʼín in [Krell 2011: 17]; as pʼíːm in [Wedekind 2002: 16].
Uduk:pʼīɲ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 133; Killian 2015: 102. Quoted as pʼiɲ in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:ufu-n2
Bender 1983: 268. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Kwama:gòkʼóš1
Leyew 2006: 33. Quoted as gōgˈʋ́š in [Wedekind 2002: 16]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 268]: gɔːŋk 'bark' (probably a different root, cf. 'skin').
Otero 2015: 20. Polysemy: 'bark (of tree) / hide (animal)'. Quoted as gòːkʼó-š in [Wedekind 2002: 16] (although this may actually be a different stem); as gwāŋgé in [Bender 1983: 268]. Completely different item found in [Krell 2011: 18]: pʸébı́n 'bark'. This may be the same word as pɛpi 'leaf; khat' in [Otero 2015: 48], and since it clearly goes against the majority of the other sources, we do not include it on the list.
Uduk:à=yìɕʼ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 28. Polysemy: 'bark / skin / peeling'. Differently in [Bender 1983: 268]: -gwar 'bark'; not confirmed in other sources (in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 66], gwár is only given with the meaning 'side, ribs').
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Kwama:tát1
Leyew 2006: 33. Quoted as tātʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as tat in [Bender 1983: 268].
Begi Mao:tat1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:pùmà #2
Silfhout 2013: 103. Meaning glossed as 'stomach (internal)', but cf. puma 'belly' in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. Kusgilo pumaː 'stomach' [Corfield 1938: 163]; also Buldiit muʔaː 'stomach' [ibid.] (does that imply that pu=ma is morphologically segmentable?). Cf. also the "variant" pùsā 'stomach' in [Silfhout 2013: 104], which further suggests the possibility of segmentation.
Komo:kımı3
Otero 2015: 30. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'. Quoted as kʸı́mí in [Krell 2011: 18]; as kiːmi in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as kímì in [Bender 1983: 268].
Uduk:bwà4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 33; Thelwall 1983: 332. Polysemy: 'abdomen / stomach / will (n.) / to be pregnant'. Quoted as bʷá in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:a=buː-n4
Bender 1983: 268. Quoted as a=buːn in [Seligmann 1911: 299]. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix. Differently in [Lejean 1865: 248]: {ilà} 'belly'.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Kwama:gàšèr1
Leyew 2006: 33. Quoted as gašar in [Bender 1983: 268]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 17]: hˈāːndákɔ̄ (same word as 'many' q.v.; possibly misglossed).
Begi Mao:gɛ́šɛr1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:nā=tɔ́n2
Silfhout 2013: 96. Verbal stem: '(be) big'. Quoted as =tɔn in [Bender 1983: 268].
Komo:swaː-gı3
Otero 2015: 53. Quoted as swá-n in [Krell 2011: 18]; as sʷāː-n in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sɔ́-n in [Bender 1983: 268].
Uduk:ɕā-á-ɕā3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 39; Killian 2015: 47. Reduplicated adjectival stem, formed from the verbal root ɕā 'to grow, to get big, to increase' [ibid.]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 268]: sʼaɗ 'big' (not confirmed in other sources).
Gule:=dɛʔɛ-n4
Bender 1983: 268. Quoted as =děn (as in kósaŋ ăkí=dĕn 'a big spear') in [Seligmann 1911: 301]; the plural form of 'big' seems to be suppletive, cf. kosaŋ dí=namu ă=gaː ʔeːn 'three big spears' [ibid.].
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Kwama:bít1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as bītʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as bit in [Bender 1983: 268; Hellenthal 2015: 10]. The last source also adds haːŋa as a secondary synonym.
Begi Mao:bit1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:ɗı̀w #2
Silfhout 2013: 70. Quoted as ɗiu in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. Kusgilo diu, Buldiit di-t in [Corfield 1938: 158]. According to van Silfhout, the principal equivalent for 'bird' in Opo is lìt [Silfhout 2013: 88], whereas ɗı̀w is specified as a "dialectal variant". However, both of the older alternative sources (Bender and Corfield) only have ɗiu in the meaning 'bird', and it also agrees with external data (Komo), whereas lìt finds no parallels whatsoever in any other Koman sources; could it, perhaps, be a "mutated" (dissimilated?) borrowing from Nuer-Dinka *dit 'bird'? In any case, until more accurate sources are made available, we prefer to retain ɗı̀w here as the primary equivalent.
Komo:ɗiw2
Otero 2015: 15. The meaning is glossed as 'small bird (gen.)' and is distinct from sʼʋp 'large bird (gen.)' [Otero 2015: 60]. Quoted as ɗiù in [Krell 2011: 18]; as ɗíwù in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as ɗio ~ ɗeo in [Bender 1983: 268].
Uduk:ɗīː2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 54. Quoted as ɗī (with a short vowel) in [Killian 2015: 55]. Quoted as ɗíː in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:a=dˈadamit3
Bender 1983: 268. Quoted as ă=daːdaːmŭt in [Seligmann 1911: 299].
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Kwama:sùnsʼ1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as sʋ̃ns in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as suncʼ in [Bender 1983: 268].
Begi Mao:ma=súns1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:tà=nà=hɔ̄ɕʼɔ̀2
Silfhout 2013: 111. Quoted as hʷɔɕʼɔ ~ hɔɕʼɔ in [Bender 1983: 268]. These two forms are regarded as representing two different roots in the source (one cognate with Komo wǝsʼ- and one with Komo hasʼ, respectively), but this is dubious and not confirmed in van Silfhout's data. Cf. also dɔ̄ŋ 'bite (of snake)' [Silfhout 2013: 69].
Komo:wasʼ-agı2
Otero 2015: 70. Quoted as wǝsʼ-ínɛ̀ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as wǝsʼ- in [Bender 1983: 268]. Differently in [Krell 2011: 18]: kí-rí 'to bite' (3 ms. pst.), a strange form not confirmed in any other source.
Uduk:wóɕʼ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 174. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'. Quoted as wǔɕʼ in [Killian 2015: 187] (according to D. Killian p.c., vowel quality is really uncertain here, the word could phonologically be either woɕʼ or wuɕʼ).
Gule:ʔábǝ-n3
Bender 1983: 268. Cf. bamba ara=ba garawáig 'the snake bit the man' in [Seligmann 1911: 306], where ara= is the 3rd p. masc. prefix.
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Kwama:šùwàlà1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as šˈōàlà in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as šwala- in [Bender 1983: 268]. Differently in [Hellenthal 2015: 60]: tʼotʼo, with polysemy: 'be black / become dirty'.
Begi Mao:šʷaːlɛ́-šʷaːla1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:ɕʼí2
Silfhout 2013: 68. Verbal stem: '(be) black'. Quoted as =ɕʼi- in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. Kusgilo issi, Buldiit nsi-t in [Corfield 1938: 158].
Komo:sʼi-agı2
Otero 2015: 59. Polysemy: 'black / dark / dirty'. Quoted as si̋-n in [Krell 2011: 18]; as cíː-nà ~ cʼíː-na in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sʼí ~ sʼí-n in [Bender 1983: 268].
Uduk:d̪ìs-d̪ìs2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 58. Reduplicated stem. Most likely related to the bound non-reduplicated stem t̪ʼíʔ in tān t̪ʼíʔ 'it is black' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 148]. Quoted as tʼi ~ tʼiʔ in [Bender 1983: 268]. Distinct from gùɗùɗ 'dark' [Thelwall 1983: 327].
Gule:àrwú3
Bender 1983: 268.
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Kwama:sʼám1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as sʼām in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sʼaːb ~ sʼaːm in [Bender 1983: 268]; as sʼam in [Hellenthal 2015: 54].
Silfhout 2013: 67. Quoted as ɕʼǝma in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit camma in [Corfield 1938: 159].
Komo:baš2
Otero 2015: 5; Krell 2011: 18; Bender 1983: 268. Quoted as bàš in [Wedekind 2002: 17].
Uduk:à=bàs2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 1. Polysemy: 'blood / maternal relative'. Quoted as =bás in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:gˈɔ=ʓɔb1
Bender 1983: 268. First syllable is most likely a fossilized prefix (cf. the same component in 'nail', 'earth', 'man', etc.).
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Kwama:sí1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as sīʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as siː ~ sʼiː in [Bender 1983: 268]; as si in [Hellenthal 2015: 46].
Begi Mao:sıʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:súwí1
Silfhout 2013: 109. Quoted as šwe ~ šwi in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ɕwe in [Corfield 1938: 159].
Komo:šumakʼ2
Otero 2015: 57. Quoted as šuma in [Krell 2011: 18]; as šumuk in [Bender 1983: 268]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 17]: siʔ 'bone'. Although this word is clearly cognate with the respective equivalents in other Koman languages, its absence in all other sources makes the entry suspicious (confusion with Kwama?).
Uduk:à=sīmā2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 22. Quoted as =sìːmá ~ =sìːmáʔ in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:fìːfí1
Bender 1983: 268.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Kwama:tòŋàs1
Leyew 2006: 34. Glossed as 'chest'. Distinct from sʼúpʼ 'breast' (female) [ibid.], quoted as sʼub in [Bender 1983: 268].
Begi Mao:
Not attested. Cf. sʋpʼ 'breast' (female) [Wedekind 2002: 17].
Opo:kāwē=ɕʼàɕʼ2
Silfhout 2013: 82. A compound form; the second component is unquestionably 'heart' q.v., the first one is possibly related to kàw 'difficult, strong, expensive, (hard ?)' [Silfhout 2013: 81]. Cf. kwei 'breast' (female) [Bender 1983: 268].
Komo:sʼasʼ2
Otero 2015: 59. Cf. ko 'breast (female); milk' in [Otero 2015: 30], quoted as kʷű in [Krell 2011: 18] and as kɔ́ː in [Bender 1983: 268; Wedekind 2002: 17].
Uduk:à=bòr3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 2; Killian 2015: 106. Distinct from à=kó 'udder, milk, breast' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 11], quoted as -ko in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:
Not attested. Cf. kakai '(female) breast' in [Bender 1983: 268].
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Kwama:šáː1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as šāʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sʼaː in [Bender 1983: 268].
Begi Mao:mǝ̀=šáʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:nà=ɕʼā1
Silfhout 2013: 91. Meaning glossed as 'to burn, blaze'. Cf. sa 'burn' in [Bender 1983: 268].
Komo:šaː-gı1
Otero 2015: 54. The full expression is šaː-gı ı watʼi, literally 'to eat with fire'. Quoted as šaː-r in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as ša-n in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. a completely different equivalent, kı̄sí-rì (3 m. past) 'to burn' in [Krell 2011: 18] (no idea if this is a transitive or intransitive stem).
Uduk:šwá1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 145; Killian 2015: 193. Same word as 'to eat' q.v. Quoted as šʷa ~ swa-ɗ in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Kwama:kʼùmpʼ1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as kʼʋ̄mpʼ 'claw' in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; the same source also lists kʼūmp 'fingernail' [Wedekind 2002: 18], which is most likely the same word, despite transcriptional differences (the first variant agrees better with external sources). Quoted as kʼump ~ kʼumpʼ 'claw' in [Bender 1983: 268]; as kʼumpʼ 'nail, claw' in [Hellenthal 2015: 32].
Begi Mao:kʼʋmp1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:ʓı̀=ɕʼı̄kʼī̄r2
Silfhout 2013: 80. The first component seems to be prefixal (= 'eye'?). Quoted simply as ɕʼikʼir ~ ɕʼikir in [Bender 1983: 268].
Komo:sʼıkʼil2
Otero 2015: 60. Quoted as sʼikíl in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as sʼikʼil in [Bender 1983: 268]. Cf. kíš 'claw' in [Krell 2011: 19], a word that is not confirmed in any other sources.
Uduk:à=gwápʰī3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 8. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Quoted as =gʷápʰí in [Bender 1983: 268]. According to D. Killian p. c., with rising tone: =gwǎpʰī.
Gule:=gamaːl4
Bender 1983: 268.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Kwama:ùwùkù1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as ʔˈūːgū in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as uːku in [Bender 1983: 268].
Begi Mao:ùːkú1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:ʓībày2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Differently in [Bender 1983: 268]: šali 'cloud'.
Komo:šɛli3
Otero 2015: 55. Quoted as šɛlli in [Bender 1983: 268]. Two other sources offer different equivalents: cf. gūgàl 'cloud' in [Krell 2011: 19] and tǐːhʋ́ʔ 'cloud' in [Wedekind 2002: 17]. Neither of these finds any parallels in Otero's dictionary.
Uduk:à=ràkʰ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 20; Killian 2015: 109. Polysemy: 'cloud / grass stubble after fire'. Quoted as =rákʰ in [Bender 1983: 268].
Gule:a=gud5
Bender 1983: 268.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Kwama:sʼúf1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as sʼʋ̄š ~ sʼʋ̄pʰ ~ sʋ̄ːf in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sʼupʼ ~ sʼuf in [Bender 1983: 269].
Begi Mao:
Not attested.
Opo:=ɕʼɛ̄m-2
Silfhout 2013: 85. Attested only within the complex expression kʰàb-ɕʼɛ̄m-sè 'cold weather', but confirmed as ɕʼem 'cold' in [Bender 1983: 269]. Cf. also Kusgilo, Buldiit sim in [Corfield 1938: 159]. It is not clear if the word is applicable to 'water' or other cold objects, but there are no data on any potential alternate candidates.
Komo:sʼam2
Otero 2015: 58; Bender 1983: 269. Nominal stem. The verbal expression is maː-gı ba sʼam 'be cold', where maː-gı = 'to do' [Otero 2015: 42]. Totally different equivalent found in [Krell 2011: 19]: kîːšín 'cold'. It is also confirmed in [Otero 2015: 42] as the verbal stem kiːš-agı 'cold'. None of the sources give any hints at the semantic differentiation of these items; only sʼam finds lexicostatistical equivalents in other Koman languages.
Uduk:t̪ʼúpʰ-á-t̪ʼūpʰ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 166. Cf. also t̪ʼúpʰ-úɗ 'to be cold', t̪ʼúpʰ-ā īs 'to be cold (of body); also used for getting better when sick with fever' [ibid.]. Quoted as t̪ʼúpʰ-á-t̪ʼūp 'cold' in [Killian 2015: 210]; as tʼupʼ ~ tʼut 'cold' in [Bender 1983: 269]. Another synonymous form is t̪ʰós-t̪ōs 'cold' [Thelwall 1983: 326] = t̪ʰós-t̪ʰōs 'cold, of body, from water or wind' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 163]. This does not look like the typologically common opposition between 'cold (of objects)' and 'cold (of weather)'; for the moment, we only include the word that is more frequently glossed in sources as the default equivalent for 'cold' (and also the one with the most obvious external cogante, in Kwama), but additional semantic information remains necessary.
Gule:a=lumdi3
Bender 1983: 269.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Kwama:hòyò1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as mā=hɔ́yō 'it comes' in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as ʔyõ ~ hɔ̃yɔ̃ in [Bender 1983: 269].
Begi Mao:mà=hɔ́yɔ̄ʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:ʓù1
Silfhout 2013: 80. Quoted as ʓo in [Bender 1983: 269]. Cf. also nā=nı́ 'come' in [Silfhout 2013: 94]. This is possibly a suppletive stem, but no additional grammatical information is available.
Komo:haʋ-agı1
Otero 2015: 24. Quoted as hawi in [Bender 1983: 269]; as hàó-r 'it comes' in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as hāú-r in [Krell 2011: 19].
Uduk:yà-yóʔ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 179. This is the same verbal root as 'to go' q.v., but with the addition of the ventive affix -ú ~ -úʔ [Killian 2015: 209]. Quoted as =yó ~ =yóʔ in [Bender 1983: 269].
Gule:kǝ=ni2
Bender 1983: 269. Cf. the imperative form 'come!' in [Lejean 1865: 249]: {ka=ne}. Comparison with {ka=tas} 'go!' ibid. shows that {ka=} (Bender's kǝ=) is most likely a prefixal (imperative?) morpheme.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Kwama:sʼí1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as sʼīʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as sʼiː in [Bender 1983: 269]; as sʼi in [Hellenthal 2015: 54].
Begi Mao:mǝ=sʼiː ~ mǝ=cʼiː1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:hùwī2
Silfhout 2013: 110. Glossed as tā=hùwī, with an additional prefixal copula. Quoted as weː ~ wei in [Bender 1983: 269].
Komo:wʋ-agı2
Otero 2015: 71. Quoted as wíi ~ wu in [Bender 1983: 269]; as wūː-r 'he dies' in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as ű-ri̋ in [Krell 2011: 19].
Uduk:wú2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 175; Killian 2015: 268. Quoted as wù in [Bender 1983: 269]. The form wí-kí-ɗ 'died' in [Thelwall 1983: 331] is the result of assimilation with the directional suffix -ki-; cf. the same form, but with a different direction of assimilation, as wú-kú-ɗ in [Killian 2015: 268].
Gule:=wɔi2
Bender 1983: 269.
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Kwama:káːná1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as kʰˈáːná in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as kana in [Bender 1983: 269; Hellenthal 2015: 23].
Begi Mao:káːnáʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 17.
Opo:tēnè2
Silfhout 2013: 113. Quoted as teni in [Bender 1983: 269]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit tin in [Corfield 1938: 159].
Komo:kʼaw3
Otero 2015: 35. Quoted as kʼáw in [Bender 1983: 269]; as kʼao in [Wedekind 2002: 17]; as kʼáu in [Krell 2011: 20].
Uduk:à=kʼá3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 13; Thelwall 1983: 329. Quoted as a=kʼa in [Bender 1983: 269]; as kʼá ~ à=kʼá in [Killian 2015: 23, 26].
Gule:aːw3
Bender 1983: 269. Quoted as {ao} in [Lejean 1865: 248]; as au in [Seligmann 1911: 299].
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Kwama:tʼópʼ1
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as tōb-ɛ̀-tˈōb 'he drinks' (with root reduplication) in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as tʼob- in [Bender 1983: 269]; as tʼopʼ, with polysemy: 'to drink / to smoke', in [Hellenthal 2015: 60].
Begi Mao:mǝ=tɔb1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:nà=pʰí2
Silfhout 2013: 112. The personal form used in conjugation is piʓi [Silfhout 2013: 123]. Quoted as pi- ~ yip in [Bender 1983: 269].
Komo:ıp-agı2
Otero 2015: 25. Quoted as pe ~ ip in [Bender 1983: 269]; as íːфɛ̄-r in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as ı́f-rí in [Krell 2011: 20].
Uduk:pʰí2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 130; Bender 1983: 269. Polysemy: 'to drink / to sniff / to smoke / to suck / to inflate'.
Leyew 2006: 34. Quoted as kʰūs 'dry, of clothing' in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as kucʼ ~ kuc 'dry' in [Bender 1983: 269]; as kusʼ 'to be dry, to make dry' in [Hellenthal 2015: 28], with adjectival derivate ku=kusʼ 'dry' in [Hellenthal 2015: 27].
Begi Mao:à=kús1
Wedekind 2002: 18. Meaning glossed as 'dry, of clothing'.
Opo:nà=kúɕʼū1
Silfhout 2013: 93. Verbal stem: '(be) dry'. Quoted as =kɔɕʼɔ in [Bender 1983: 269].
Komo:kʋsʼ-agı1
Otero 2015: 33. Verbal stem: 'to be dry'. Cf. also the transitive verb: ɗaša-gı 'to dry (smth.)' [Otero 2015: 14]. Quoted as kʼɔsʼ ~ kwosʼ ~ kus- in [Bender 1983: 269]. Quoted as kʋ̄s-ínà in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as kʼűc-ı́nke̋ in [Krell 2011: 20]. Cf. also tuduka-gı 'to dry (by fire)' [Otero 2015: 63].
Uduk:kʰút̪ʼ-á-kʰūt̪ʼ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 92. Reduplicated adjectival stem, derived from the verbal stem kʰút̪ʼ- 'to be dry'. Quoted as kut- in [Bender 1983: 269].
Gule:=gɔʓ-1
Bender 1983: 269.
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Kwama:sʼéyé1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as sʼɛ̄ʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as sʼe in [Bender 1983: 269; Hellenthal 2015: 54].
Begi Mao:sʼɛʔ ~ cʼɛʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:ɕʼé1
Silfhout 2013: 67. Quoted as ɕʼe in [Bender 1983: 269]. Cf. Kusgilo cʼe, Buldiit kaiʔi in [Corfield 1938: 159].
Komo:sʼɛ1
Otero 2015: 41. In the dictionary, this root is only attested in various compounds, such as lɔtɔ ba sʼɛ 'outer ear growth', ma kʼatʼin ba sʼɛ 'earlobe', etc., but it is clear enough that sʼɛ is the principal morphemic equivalent for the meaning 'ear'. Quoted as sʼe in [Bender 1983: 269]; as sʼeʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 18]. Completely different equivalent in [Krell 2011: 20]: ʓíbı̄n 'ear'.
Uduk:ɕʼé1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 45; Killian 2015: 230. Quoted as ɕʼé ~ sʼe in [Bender 1983: 269]; as ɕʼē in [Thelwall 1983: 328].
Gule:iːgǝ-n2
Bender 1983: 269. Quoted as {egan} in [Lejean 1865: 247]; as igaː-n in [Seligmann 1911: 299]. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Kwama:yàss1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as yǝs in [Bender 1983: 275]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 18]: kʼˈɛ̄ŋɛ̄s 'earth, ground'.
Begi Mao:yass1
Wedekind 2002: 18. Meaning listed as 'earth, ground'.
Opo:kʼɔ̄ɕʼɔ2
Silfhout 2013: 86. Meaning glossed as 'soil'. Cf. also kʼɔ̄ɕɔ̀ 'dirt, soil' [ibid.]. Quoted as kʼɔɕʼɔ 'earth' in [Bender 1983: 275]. Differently in [Corfield 1938: 159]: Kusgilo, Buldiit ta tin 'earth'.
Komo:kʼacìʔ2
Krell 2011: 20. Not attested in Otero's dictionary, but confirmed as kʼasʼi 'earth' in [Bender 1983: 275] and as kʼáːzà in [Wedekind 2002: 18].
Uduk:à=ɕʼéš2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 4; Thelwall 1983: 330; Killian 2015: 214. Polysemy: 'earth / ground / down (adv.)'. Quoted as =ɕɛšš in [Bender 1983: 275].
Gule:gadaːdu3
Bender 1983: 275. Quoted as {adadou ~ gadadõ} in [Lejean 1865: 249].
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Kwama:šá1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as šˈāː-šà 'he eats' (with root reduplication) in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as šaː in [Bender 1983: 269]; as ša in [Hellenthal 2015: 49]. Distinct from kʼa 'to eat meat' [Hellenthal 2015: 30].
Begi Mao:ma=šáʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:nā=sá1
Silfhout 2013: 112. Quoted as sa in [Bender 1983: 269].
Komo:šaː-1
Otero 2015: 54. For some reason, only the reduplicated frequentative stem šaː-ša-gı 'to eat (in many places)' is listed in the dictionary. Quoted as še ~ ša in [Bender 1983: 269]; as šáː-r 'he eats' in [Wedekind 2002: 18]. Cf. also kʼaː-gı 'to eat meat, chew' [Otero 2015: 34], quoted as kʼa 'to eat' in [Bender 1983: 269]; this seems to reflect the existence of the 'eat soft food' vs. 'eat hard food' opposition in Komo, in which case we select 'to eat soft food' as the primary choice due to its overall higher stability.
Uduk:šwá1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 145; Killian 2015: 193. Meaning glossed as 'to eat, as food (not meat or anything chewed); to burn as fire'. Distinct from kʼá 'to chew, gnaw, or eat meat, corn, peanuts' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 93]. Quoted as šʷa in [Bender 1983: 269]; as šwā in [Thelwall 1983: 333].
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as sīmpʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as simbʷ in [Bender 1983: 269]; as simpʼ in [Hellenthal 2015: 47].
Begi Mao:simpʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:kúmú2
Silfhout 2013: 84. Quoted as komo ~ kumu in [Bender 1983: 269]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit kumu in [Corfield 1938: 160].
Komo:ɔm2
Otero 2015: 46. Quoted as ɔ́mɔ̀ ~ um ~ wɔm ~ ʔom in [Bender 1983: 269]; as òmú-wàgáʔ in [Krell 2011: 20] (where the second component is 'chicken' = waga in [Otero 2015: 69]).
Uduk:à=ʔōm2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 18. Quoted as òmà- in [Bender 1983: 269].
Gule:is3
Bender 1983: 269.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Kwama:zì1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as zīː in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as ziː in [Bender 1983: 270]; as zi, with polysemy: 'eye / seed / grain / life' in [Hellenthal 2015: 68].
Begi Mao:ziː1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:ʓê2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Quoted as ʓe in [Bender 1983: 270]; also šʷi id. (difference unclear). Cf. Kusgilo šyi, Buldiit ðiʔi in [Corfield 1938: 160].
Komo:ɓiː3
Otero 2015: 9. Quoted as ɓiː ~ ɓipi in [Bender 1983: 269]; as bı̋bi in [Krell 2011: 20]. In [Wedekind 2002: 18], the Komo equivalent for 'eye' is listed as ʔí, which is probably an archaic dialectal suppletive plural form (cf. the situation in Twampa).
Uduk:ē2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 60. Additionally, cf. the compound form píɲā ē 'eye' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 126]. The first part of it is quoted simply as piɲa in [Bender 1983: 269], as the primary equivalent for 'eye', whereas the form è ~ èː is defined as "plural". In [Killian 2015], the majority of examples with ē 'eye' have it functioning as an auxiliary morpheme, and the form piɲa is not attested at all.
Gule:yáː-n2
Bender 1983: 269. Quoted as {iagaï} 'eyes' in [Lejean 1865: 247]; {-gaï} seems to be a plural suffix, cf. 'mouth', etc. Quoted as ya-n in [Seligmann 1911: 299].
NUMBER:26
WORD:fat n.
Kwama:da #1
Bender 1983: 270. Not attested in Leyew's paper. In [Wedekind 2002: 18], a completely different equivalent is suggested: mˈɔ́rɔ́ 'fat'.
Begi Mao:daʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:gènē2
Silfhout 2013: 73. Quoted as ʓɛni 'fat' in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo ɕin, Buldiit yin 'oil' [Corfield 1938: 162]. Probably no distinction between 'solid fat' and 'liquid oil'.
Komo:yɛn2
Otero 2015: 73. Polysemy: 'oil / fat'. Quoted as yɛn in [Bender 1983: 270]; as yén in [Wedekind 2002: 18]. Cf. also mɔra 'fat' [Otero 2015: 44].
Uduk:à=yìn2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 28. Meaning glossed as 'oil, cream, chronic disease in adults which may be malaria, dysentery; also fat on animals'. Although the semantics is a bit vague, this does correspond also to the basic word for 'fat' in Komo and Opo. The word à=ʓìsòʔ, glossed as 'oil' in [Thelwall 1983: 329], is hardly eligible; cf. the more accurate semantic glossing in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 10]: ā=ʓīsōʔ 'black oil used for anointing newly weds or relative of deceased'. In [Bender 1983: 270], the equivalent is tìk-, but this seems to rather be the adjective 'fat', cf. t̪ʼīkʰ-á-t̪ʼīkʰ 'fat' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 165].
Gule:bus3
Bender 1983: 270.
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Kwama:bākʷˈáːŋá #1
Wedekind 2002: 18. Most likely a compound form, with the same first root as in 'hair' q.v. Not attested in Leyew's paper.
Begi Mao:irbít2
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:kúpú3
Silfhout 2013: 84.
Komo:mul4
Otero 2015: 44. Same word as 'hair' q.v. Quoted as mùl in [Krell 2011: 21]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 18]: buš 'feather' (not found in any other sources).
Uduk:ʓèšéʔ5
Beam & Cridland 1970: 76; Thelwall 1983: 330. Cf. also ā=gwāɕʼ 'feather' [Thelwall 1983: 332]; but the same word is glossed with the meaning 'head ornament for dance' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 8], so this is probably a more specialized / cultural term.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Kwama:ántʼ1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as āntʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as antʼ in [Bender 1983: 270; Hellenthal 2015: 8].
Begi Mao:ʔantʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:wùtʼē2
Silfhout 2013: 121. Quoted as wɔtʼi in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit wutti in [Corfield 1938: 160]. Silfhout also quotes the "dialectal" variant lıtʼa-wutʼı̄ 'fire' [Silfhout 2013: 121], but the first component here seems to be simply a phonetic variant of 'tongue' q.v., thus 'tongue (of) fire'.
Komo:watʼiš2
Otero 2015: 70. Quoted as wǝtʼi in [Bender 1983: 270]; as wátʼíš in [Krell 2011: 21].
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as {kass} in [Lejean 1865: 249]; as kăss in [Seligmann 1911: 299].
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Kwama:wàsʼsʼ1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as wās in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as waːsʼ in [Bender 1983: 270].
Begi Mao:wǝsʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:waɕʼa1
Silfhout 2013: 120. Quoted as waɕʰa in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit watɕa in [Corfield 1938: 160].
Komo:wasʼı-1
Otero 2015: 70. In Otero's dictionary, this root is only found as part of compound forms: wasʼı-daga 'fish sp.', wasʼı-kʼaw 'fish sp.' (the latter literally means 'fish-dog'). However, all other sources have it as a separate word with the generic meaning 'fish': wàːsʼ [Bender 1983: 270], wacʼak [Krell 2011: 21], wɛ̀z [Wedekind 2002: 18].
Uduk:wàɕʼ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 170. Meaning glossed as 'catfish'; however, the same word is listed as wàːʓ ~ wàːɕʼ 'fish' in [Bender 1983: 270] and as wàɕʼ 'fish' in [Killian 2015: 24], so this must be the generic term for the required meaning. However, cf. also à=páːmàʔ 'fish' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 18], quoted as à=pámàʔ 'fish' in [Thelwall 1983: 325]; not clear if this really refers to some fish species or if it is a local dialectal replacement of the generic term. According to D. Killian p.c., pámà is indeed a type of fish.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Kwama:fàll1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as fāl ~ pʰāl in [Wedekind 2002: 18].
Begi Mao:fʌ́lʌ-fʌl1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:pʰày2
Silfhout 2013: 105.
Komo:púl-íl1
Krell 2011: 21. 3rd p. past form. This is most likely the same word as puːl-agı 'hop, bounce' in [Otero 2015: 49], although the meaning 'fly' is not listed in Otero's dictionary. Cf. also pɛyɛːp-ɛr 'it flies' in [Wedekind 2002: 18] (a different root).
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as sɔ̄ntʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as sɔŋk in [Bender 1983: 270]; as sontʼ ~ sonkʼ in [Hellenthal 2015: 48].
Begi Mao:sɔŋkʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:wɔ̄nè #2
Silfhout 2013: 120. Meaning glossed as 'leg', but there is no separate entry for 'foot' in van Silfhout's dictionary, and lexical differentiation of the two meanings is uncommon in Koman. Additionally, the same word is quoted as Kusgilo wuɔn 'foot' [Corfield 1938: 160]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 270]: ɕok 'foot', confirmed by Buldiit ɕok in [Corfield 1938: 160], but not in Silfhout's vocabulary, where the closest equivalent is probably ɕɔ̄k-ɔ̄ràt 'sharp thing on a bird's leg' [Silfhout 2013: 67], if the segmentation is correct. Cf. also Kusgilo wul 'leg' (could this be an incorrect translation of wùl 'tail' q.v.?); Buldiit siːna 'leg' in [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:šɔg1
Otero 2015: 56. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Quoted as šɔg ~ šwɔg ~ šawkʰ in [Bender 1983: 270]; as šɔ̀ːg in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as šòg in [Krell 2011: 21].
Uduk:šōkʼ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 143. Polysemy: 'foot / leg / paw'. Quoted as šòg in [Bender 1983: 270].
Gule:suma-n3
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as {souman} 'foot' in [Lejean 1865: 248]; distinct from {modesè} 'leg'. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Kwama:ílí1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as ʔˈīːlì in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as iːli in [Bender 1983: 276].
Begi Mao:à=íːlìʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:tùtā2
Silfhout 2013: 115. Quoted as tuta in [Bender 1983: 276].
Komo:šɛm-agı3
Otero 2015: 55. Verbal stem: 'to fill, be full; to improve, get better'. Quoted as šem- in [Bender 1983: 276]; as šēm-ín in [Wedekind 2002: 18].
Uduk:tʼūɗ-2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 158. Listed as the transitive stem 'to fill with water, grain, etc.', but has intransitive usage as well (cf. tʼūɗ-ūɗ mō 'to be full, of vessel', etc.). Quoted as tʼúɗ-údʰ in [Bender 1983: 276].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Kwama:tí1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as ti in [Bender 1983: 270]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 18]: kāp 'he gives it to me'.
Begi Mao:mʌ=tí1
Wedekind 2002: 18.
Opo:kī2
Silfhout 2013: 82. Quoted as kɛ-l- in [Bender 1983: 270].
Komo:kı-k-agı2
Otero 2015: 29. Quoted as ke ~ kyi- ~ =kɛ-r in [Bender 1983: 270]; as ki̯-ǝ̀r ~ kı̀i̯-ǝ̀r in [Wedekind 2002: 18]; as kà-kí-rì in [Krell 2011: 22]. Some of the attested forms are either reduplicated or feature an additional velar verbal suffix.
Uduk:ɕʰī2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 43; Killian 2015: 54; Thelwall 1983: 328. Quoted as ɕi in [Bender 1983: 270]; as ɕʰı̄ (with -ATR articulation of the vowel) in [Killian 2015: 33].
Gule:=kǝl2
Bender 1983: 270.
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Kwama:à=nòːkò1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as nɔːkɔ in [Bender 1983: 270]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 19]: tʼūl-ɛ̄-tʼˈūl (with root reduplication).
Begi Mao:à=nɔ̄ːkɔ́ʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kʼày2
Silfhout 2013: 86. Verbal stem: '(be) good'. Quoted as =kai in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo nkai in [Corfield 1938: 160]; but differently in Buldiit: pida 'good' [ibid.].
Komo:ɓɔl-agı3
Otero 2015: 9. Verbal stem: 'to be good'. Quoted as ɓɔl- in [Bender 1983: 270]; as bōl-i(nà) in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as bʷɔ́l-ínsʼà in [Krell 2011: 22].
Uduk:ɓór-á-ɓōr3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 38. Quoted as ɓór- in [Bender 1983: 270].
Gule:kɔrɔ-4
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as =koro in [Seligmann 1911: 301], cf. garim ă=kórŏ 'a good woman', gĕmiːm indéluk mŏ=kórŏ "many good women", etc.
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Kwama:sʼílí1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as sʼˈiːlī in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as sile- in [Bender 1983: 276].
Begi Mao:sʼılǝ-sʼiːliʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:ɕìr2
Silfhout 2013: 66. Verbal stem: 'be green'. Quoted as ɕirr- in [Bender 1983: 276].
Komo:zi-agı3
Otero 2015: 77. Verbal stem: 'be green'. Quoted as zi-in in [Bender 1983: 276]; as zīí-nǝ̀ in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as zí-n in [Krell 2011: 22].
Uduk:gòɗ-gòɗ4
Thelwall 1983: 333; Killian 2015: 95. For some reason, not found as a separate entry in [Beam & Cridland 1970], but listed in the example "the birds of the grass have green eyes" on p. 77. Cf. also d̪ìʔ-á-d̪ìʔ 'green, unripe' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 58]. Cf. also ʓìndìʔ 'green' in [Bender 1983: 276] (no confirmation for this form in other sources).
Gule:
Not attested in [Bender 1983]. Cf. {bitmitè} 'green' in [Lejean 1865: 249] - possibly a reduplicated form, but also suspiciously similar to {bit} 'white' ibid.
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Kwama:bàkʼ1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as bak in [Hellenthal 2015: 9]. Quoted as bˈākʼúp 'hair of head' in [Wedekind 2002: 19] (a compound with 'head' q.v.). Differently in [Bender 1983: 270]: mbal- ~ bal- 'hair'.
Begi Mao:bak-kʼub1
Wedekind 2002: 19. A compound with 'head' q.v.
Opo:swúyé2
Silfhout 2013: 109. Glossed as 'hair (of head)'. Quoted as šwiyɛn in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo ɕwiye [Corfield 1938: 160]; Buldit ɕudaiʔi [ibid.] may be a different root or a compound formation.
Komo:mul3
Otero 2015: 44. Apparently no distinction between 'body hair' and 'head hair'; the latter meaning may be expressed by the noun phrase mul-ı kʼʋp (where the second part is 'head'). Quoted as mɔl in [Bender 1983: 270]; as mùl-ū-kʼūm (where the second part is 'head') in [Krell 2011: 22]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 19]: ʔiːr 'hair' (not confirmed in other sources).
Uduk:ā=mūr3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 16. Polysemy: 'hair / feather'. Quoted as =mùr in [Bender 1983: 270]. According to Don Killian p.c., the tone is indeed low: à=mùr 'hair'.
Gule:ʔif4
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as ĭf in [Seligmann 1911: 300]. Differently in [Lejean 1865: 248]: {gadin} 'hair', which is the same word as Bender's and Seligman's 'head' q.v.
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Kwama:bìtʼ1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as bı̄t in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as mbiːt ~ biːt ~ miːt ~ bɛtʼ in [Bender 1983: 270]; as mıtt ~ bıtt in [Hellenthal 2015: 37].
Begi Mao:bıt1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kʼɔ̀y2
Silfhout 2013: 86. Meaning glossed as 'arm', but cf. =kwei ~ kʼwi 'hand' in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. also Kusgilo, Buldiit kwei 'arm' [Corfield 1938: 158]. An alternate equivalent is encountered as bit- / =mitʼ 'hand' in [Bender 1983: 270] and as Kusgilo, Buldiit mit 'arm' in [Corfield 1938: 158]. To make matters more complicated, in the meaning 'hand' both words are also encountered as a compound in [Corfield 1938: 160]: Kusgilo, Buldiit bitte-kwey, as well as Kusgilo bitte-mit, Buldiit ma-mit (reduplication?). Van Silfhout has no special entry for 'hand' in her vocabulary, but the compound form is present there as bité-kɔy 'finger' [Silfhout 2013: 62], and cf. also bìtʼē-wǝnè 'toe' (a compound with 'foot, leg' q.v.) [ibid.]. If Silfhout's information is to be trusted, then kʼɔ̀y should be the general neutral equivalent for 'arm, hand' and bit- ~ bitʼ- should rather mean 'extremity, finger', perhaps sometimes used (collectively) as a substitute for 'hand' (= 'fingers').
Komo:kʼɔlɔ3
Otero 2015: 36. Quoted as kʼɔlɔ in [Bender 1983: 270]; as kʼɔ̀lɔ́ in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʷɔ̄lɔ̀ in [Krell 2011: 22].
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as {medò} in [Lejean 1865: 248] (the same root as Bender has, cf. the m- ~ b- fluctuation in proper Koman languages). Quoted as míta-gamal in [Seligmann 1911: 300] (this probably implies that míta- by itself means 'arm'; cf., however, =gamaːl 'nail' in Bender's records, meaning that Seligman's recorded form might really have meant 'finger' or 'fingernail').
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Kwama:kʼúːp1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as kʼūp in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kup in [Bender 1983: 270]; as up (sic!) in [Hellenthal 2015: 62].
Begi Mao:kʼub1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kʼʋ̄p1
Silfhout 2013: 87. Quoted as kopʰ ~ kʼup in [Bender 1983: 270]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit pa=kwŭp in [Corfield 1938: 160], with an unclear first component.
Komo:kʼʋpʼ1
Otero 2015: 38. Usually transcribed as kʼʋp in idiomatic expressions where the word is used in the figurative meaning 'top' (e. g. kʼʋp ba ɓı 'mountain top', etc.). Quoted as kʼɔpʰ ~ kɔpʰ ~ kup in [Bender 1983: 270]; as kʼʋp in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʼőp in [Krell 2011: 22].
Uduk:kʼúpʰ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 98. Quoted as kʰúpf ~ kʰúf in [Bender 1983: 270].
Gule:gàdé2
Bender 1983: 270. Quoted as gade-n in [Seligmann 1911: 300]. In [Lejean 1865: 247], the form {gadin} is listed in the meaning 'hair', whereas 'head' is quoted as {edegai}.
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Kwama:kʼép1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as kʼɛ̄b-ɛ̀-kʼˈɛ̄b 'he hears' (with root reduplication) in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʼeb- in [Bender 1983: 270]; as kʼep in [Hellenthal 2015: 31].
Begi Mao:mɛ=ŋkʼɛ́f1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:nà=kàr-à2
Silfhout 2013: 111. Glossed as tā=nà-kàr-à, with the prefixal copula. Quoted as kar- in [Bender 1983: 270].
Komo:sıg-agı3
Otero 2015: 52. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen'. Quoted as sikʰ in [Bender 1983: 270]; as sīg-íː in [Wedekind 2002: 19]. Completely different in [Krell 2011: 22]: basar ~ pʷoli 'hear' (3 ms. pst), two forms that are not confirmed in any other sources.
Uduk:ɕīkʰ-3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 40. Attested only in bound forms or compounds (ɕíkʰ-ù "it is heard", ɕīkʰ gwò "to obey", etc.), but also quoted as ɕikʰ in [Bender 1983: 270].
Gule:gìdɛ́s4
Bender 1983: 270.
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Kwama:ıŋı #1
Hellenthal 2015: 22. Not attested in Leyew's paper. Cf. tʷōānʔgás 'heart' in [Wedekind 2002: 19].
Begi Mao:ı̄ŋʼgıʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:ɕʼāɕʼ2
Silfhout 2013: 67.
Komo:dʋ3
Otero 2015: 13. Cf. also tuškir 'heart; internal organ' [Otero 2015: 64]. Quoted as dù in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʼúp=ù=dù in [Krell 2011: 23] (where the first component seems to be 'head' q.v.).
Uduk:kʰwāsíɲɕámá4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 93. Meaning glossed as 'heart (organ)'; distinct from à=dù 'liver / spiritual heart' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 5]. Quoted as kʰwāsíɲɕámáʔ in [Thelwall 1983: 334]. Internal segmentation of the word is unclear.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Kwama:kwàpʼ1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as kʷāp in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kwaːp in [Bender 1983: 271]; as kwap in [Hellenthal 2015: 29].
Begi Mao:kʷap1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kìw2
Silfhout 2013: 82. Quoted as keo ~ kiú in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:kı2
Otero 2015: 29. Quoted as kɛ́ː in [Bender 1983: 271]; as kí in [Wedekind 2002: 19; Krell 2011: 23].
Uduk:ɕé2
Bender 1983: 271. Glossed with the variants ɕé and tʸé. For some reason, the word seems to be missing from Beam & Cridland's dictionary, where only such specialized terms as à=pōːméʔ 'native horn; animal horn used for blowing' and à=pūlúŋ 'native whistle or musical horn' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 19] are attested. However, D. Killian's and other materials on Uduk confirm that ɕe is indeed the basic term for 'horn' in this language.
Gule:íːgà3
Bender 1983: 271.
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Kwama:gà1
Leyew 2006: 7, 36. Object form: gaː, with vowel lengthening [Leyew 2006: 8]. Possessive stem: a=na [ibid.]. Quoted as gāʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as ga in [Bender 1983: 271; Hellenthal 2015: 16].
Begi Mao:gaʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:ā=gà1
Silfhout 2013: 59. Quoted as aga in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:a=ka1
Bender 1983: 271. Not listed in Otero's dictionary. Quoted as n=ākā in [Krell 2011: 23]. The form ʔái̯ in [Wedekind 2002: 19] seems to be in error, as it is really 'thou' q.v.
Uduk:á=hāʔ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 8; Thelwall 1983: 329. Quoted as á=hàʔ in [Bender 1983: 271]; as á=hā in [Killian 2015: 114]. Don Killian p. c. also mentions the existence of the archaic variant á=kā.
Gule:wɔ2
Bender 1983: 271.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Kwama:kʼúš1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as kʼʋ̄š in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʼošʼ ~ kʼošʼu in [Bender 1983: 271]; as kʼʋš in [Hellenthal 2015: 33].
Begi Mao:mà=kʋ́š1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kʼɔ́sɔ́1
Silfhout 2013: 111. Quoted as kʼɔso in [Bender 1983: 271]. Cf. also nà=kʼēɕʼè 'to slaughter, kill (animal)' [Silfhout 2013: 93].
Komo:kʼɔš-agı1
Otero 2015: 37. Polysemy: 'to kill (vb.) / fight (n.)'. Quoted as kʼɔs ~ kʼɔš in [Bender 1983: 271]; as kʼɔ̀š-ɛ́r in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as kʷɔ́š-írí in [Krell 2011: 23].
Uduk:kʼóš1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 96. Polysemy: 'to strike / to tear down (house) / to hit / to kill'. Quoted as kʼóš in [Bender 1983: 271].
Gule:=tɔs2
Bender 1983: 271. Cf. garawaig ar=taːdo bamba ku luːs 'the man killed the snake with a stick' in [Seligmann 1911: 306], where ar= is the 3rd p. sg. masc. prefix; it is unclear if =taːdo contains the same root as Bender's =tɔs (this is possible, if Bender's -s is the same suffix as in mǝ-s 'eat').
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Kwama:dúgúll1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as dūgˈul in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as dugul in [Bender 1983: 271].
Begi Mao:dʋgʋ́l1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:kʼɔ́tɛ̄l2
Silfhout 2013: 87. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit kwatil in [Corfield 1938: 161]. A dialectal variant is listed as kʼɔʓın in [Silfhout 2013: 87], quoted as kwɔʓɛn in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:ɓɔːm3
Otero 2015: 9. Quoted as ɗǝ=bɔm in [Bender 1983: 271] (the first component is etymologically unclear); as ɓǒm in [Krell 2011: 24]. Completely different in [Wedekind 2002: 19]: šɛ́ːlín 'knee', not confirmed in any other source.
Uduk:kʼúpʰ=ā=ɗūpʰún4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 99. The first component is kʼúpʰ 'head'; perhaps the original meaning of the compound was properly 'knee-cap'. Cf. simply =ɗapun 'knee' in [Bender 1983: 271], not confirmed as such in [Beam & Cridland 1970]. Cf. also gòɕʰór 'knee joint' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 63]. According to Don Killian p.c., the formation kʼúpʰ=ā=ɗūpʰún checks out as the default equivalent for 'knee'.
Gule:kuku-n5
Bender 1983: 271. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Kwama:ʔàlà1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as m=ˈāl-šì in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as ala- in [Bender 1983: 271].
Begi Mao:máː=ʔālàʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:nà=nı̀r-ā2
Silfhout 2013: 111. Glossed as ta=nà=nı̀r-ā (with the prefixal copula) 'to know (something or someone)'. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: agil- 'to know' (this seems to be a morphological variant of 'to see' q.v.).
Komo:ari-agı3
Otero 2015: 1. Distinct from mıš-agı 'to know (how)' [Otero 2015: 44]. Quoted as ǝr- in [Bender 1983: 271]; as ʔɛ̄r-ı́r̥ in [Wedekind 2002: 19]. In [Krell 2011: 24], the equivalent for 'know' is mīš-érī = Otero's mıš-agı.
Uduk:míš4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 110; Killian 2015: 44. Same word as 'to see' q.v.
Gule:déːgì5
Bender 1983: 271.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Kwama:sʼe-swaya #1
Hellenthal 2015: 54. Literally 'ear-(of)-tree'. Not attested in Leyew's paper. Cf. also sʼeːi̯ā-gˈǝ̀s 'leaf' in [Wedekind 2002: 19] (the first component is clearly 'ear' q.v.; the second is unclear).
Begi Mao:yǝkʼǝ́sʼ2
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:ɕʼı-sa1
Silfhout 2013: 68. This seems to be the usual compound formation 'ear-(of)-tree', although slightly phonetically mutated from the original *ɕʼe-ɕa.
Komo:sʼɛ-mʋn1
Otero 2015: 59. Cf. also pɛpi 'leaf' [Otero 2015: 48]. Cf. cʼéː-sā 'leaf' in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; sʼé-fēfí in [Krell 2011: 24]. Most of the attested forms contain the root sʼe (cʼe) 'ear' as a key component; meaning of the other components is etymologically unclear (except for Wedekind's -sā, which is clearly 'tree' q.v.).
Uduk:ɕʼé-mèn1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 46; Killian 2015: 45. Meaning glossed as 'leaf of corn or grass, blade of grass, loaves of trees, etc.', or simply as 'leaf' in [Killian 2015]. Clearly derived from ɕʼé 'ear' q.v., but the second part is unclear (as in Komo).
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Kwama:
Not attested in Leyew's paper. Cf., perhaps, the complex form tʰɛ̄ŋkʼˈūpʼ 'he lies down' in [Wedekind 2002: 19].
Begi Mao:tɛːŋga-tɛŋ1
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:
Not attested.
Komo:
Not attested in the majority of sources. Cf., perhaps, íš-ír 'he lies down' in [Wedekind 2002: 19], which is really the same item as 'sleep' q.v.
Uduk:īšī-kʼōɗ-áɕʼéš2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 74. Meaning glossed as 'to lie down'. Quoted as ìš-kʼòɗ-àɕʼéš in [Thelwall 1983: 334]. This is an idiomatic expression, literally meaning 'to sleep/rest against the earth'; it may be concluded that there is no special lexical distinction between 'to sleep' and 'to lie' in Uduk. According to Don Killian p.c., the simple verb stem īš may mean 'to lie, relax, rest', while its combination with the auxiliary morpheme ē 'eye' means 'sleep' q.v.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Kwama:tòtò1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as tūtˈó in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as tuːto in [Bender 1983: 271].
Begi Mao:tıtɔ́1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:tɔ̀y2
Silfhout 2013: 114. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: duwen 'liver', not confirmed in van Silfhout's vocabulary.
Komo:tʼutʼ1
Otero 2015: 68. Meaning glossed as 'liver spot'. Quoted as títɔ̀ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: do 'liver', and in [Krell 2011: 24]: dù id. This latter form is actually the same as the basic root for 'heart' q.v.; apparently, the situation is different depending on the particular dialect of Komo.
Uduk:à=dù3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 5. Polysemy: 'liver / spiritual heart'. Quoted simply as dù 'liver' in [Killian 2015: 22]; as =dú in [Bender 1983: 271].
Gule:
Not attested. Said to be the same word as 'belly' in [Bender 1983: 271].
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Kwama:tù1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as tʰūʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as =tuː ~ du in [Bender 1983: 271].
Begi Mao:tʋwʌ-tʋ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:sēkʼ2
Silfhout 2013: 108. Verbal stem: '(be) long'. Quoted as sek in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:tʋl-agı3
Otero 2015: 65. Verbal stem with polysemy: 'be tall / be high / be long / be straight'. Quoted as tól-én ~ túl-én in [Bender 1983: 271]; as tūl-írà in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as tʷűl-íŋ in [Krell 2011: 24].
Uduk:túr-á-tūr3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 152. Reduplicated adjectival stem from túr 'length' [ibid.]. Quoted as tùr- in [Bender 1983: 271].
Gule:a=boʔ4
Bender 1983: 271. Cf. wo a=bo 'I am tall' in [Seligmann 1911: 306].
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Kwama:sʼòwànzò1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as sʼʷɔ̄nzò in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as sʼɔnsʼɔ in [Bender 1983: 271].
Begi Mao:sʼɔ́ːnzɔʔ ~ cʼɔ́ːnzɔʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:sùkʼɛ̄l2
Silfhout 2013: 109. Quoted as šukʼɛn in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:šuwɛn2
Otero 2015: 57. Quoted as šʷɛn in [Bender 1983: 271]; as šʷùʔı̄n in [Krell 2011: 24].
Uduk:à=šōkōm2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 23. Not attested in [Killian 2015]; however, Don Killian p.c. confirms the correct form as à=šōkōm. Quoted as šokom in [Bender 1983: 271].
Gule:ki3
Bender 1983: 271.
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Kwama:sìt1
Leyew 2006: 36. Same word as 'person' q.v. Cf. also kìkéːzì 'male'. Quoted as sīːtʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. In [Bender 1983: 276], 'man (vir)' is listed as uyai, but this is not confirmed in any of the other sources.
Begi Mao:sit1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:ɔ̄̄kàʓ2
Silfhout 2013: 101. Quoted as okatʸ ~ okaɕ in [Bender 1983: 277]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit okas 'man' in [Corfield 1938: 161]; also Buldiit yedidi 'man' [ibid.].
Komo:yi=gwaz3
Otero 2015: 74. Quoted as gwaz in [Bender 1983: 277]; as yɛ̄=gwàz in [Krell 2011: 25].
Uduk:wàt̪íʔ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 173. Only glossed as 'person, he' in the dictionary. However, browsing through numerous textual examples in [Killian 2015] shows that there is no basic lexical distinction between 'person' and 'man (male person)' in Uduk, cf. such a diagnostic (contrastive) example as wàt̪íyǎ-ɗ kā ɓóm-ā ɗe "the man is walking with one woman" [Killian 2015: 65]. In [Bender 1983: 277], 'man (vir)' is glossed as gwasan = gwásàn ~ gwát̪ʰàn 'male (plural)' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 67] = gwǎt̪ʰān 'male (plural)' [Killian 2015: 59]. The singular equivalent here is the suppletive form à=ràsán 'male' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 21]. In textual examples, these forms are very rarely found applied to people.
Gule:
Not attested in [Bender 1983]. Cf. the form {(gharaouâg) eroèit} 'homme' in [Lejean 1865: 247], where it is possible that {eroèit} is 'person' and {gharaouâg} is 'male', but phonetic (not to mention etymological) interpretation of both forms is uncertain. Cf. also the forms in [Seligmann 1911: 300]: sg. găraːwáig 'man', suppletive pl. gămoi 'men'.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Kwama:hàːndà1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as hˈāːndá-kɔ̄ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: naːla 'many'.
Begi Mao:haːtʌ́-kɔ̀1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:nà=sày2
Silfhout 2013: 95. Quoted as =sai in [Bender 1983: 271].
Komo:ɗal-agı3
Otero 2015: 14. Verbal stem. Quoted as ɗel-in in [Bender 1983: 271]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 20]: sʷàːn 'many', and in [Krell 2011: 25]: swān-swà 'many' (a derivative from 'big' q.v.).
Uduk:à=rís4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 21. Meaning glossed as 'every'; however, in [Killian 2015: 124, 133] the word is explicitly glossed as 'many', and numerous textual examples indicate that this is clearly the basic equivalent for expressing plurality of objects. Don Killian p. c. adds that the tone is low, so à=rìs, and that there is also a tonally modified emphatic form à=rǐs 'very many'. Quoted as ka=ris (without segmentation) in [Bender 1983: 271]. Cf. also the adverbial form ēnt̪ūs 'many' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 61], not confirmed as a quantifier in [Killian 2015].
Gule:dɛːluk3
Bender 1983: 271. Quoted as in=déluk in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Kwama:súːmm1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as sʋ̄m in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as sum in [Bender 1983: 271]; as sʋm in [Hellenthal 2015: 48].
Begi Mao:sʋm1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:ʓè=sūmā1
Silfhout 2013: 79. Formally a compound stem, apparently consisting of ʓê 'eye' [ibid.] and sūmâ 'animal' [Silfhout 2013: 109]. However, cf. simply šuma 'meat' in [Bender 1983: 271] and Kusgilo, Buldiit ɕuma 'meat' in [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:šum1
Otero 2015: 57. Quoted as šùm in [Bender 1983: 271]; as šùːm in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as šum in [Krell 2011: 25].
Uduk:šūm1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 144; Killian 2015: 58. Quoted as šúm in [Bender 1983: 271]. Polysemy: 'meat / wild animal'.
Gule:fum1
Bender 1983: 271. Quoted as fuːm in [Seligmann 1911: 300].
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Kwama:sʼàwàn1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as sʼˈɛ̄wǝ̀n in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as sʼiawan in [Bender 1983: 271]; as sʼyawan in [Hellenthal 2015: 55].
Begi Mao:sʼɛ́wàn1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:à=dɔ̀y2
Silfhout 2013: 58. Quoted as dwɔi in [Bender 1983: 271]. Cf. Kusgilo adwa, Buldiit adwe in [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:pay3
Otero 2015: 47. Quoted as pái in [Bender 1983: 271]; as pái̯ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as pa̋y in [Krell 2011: 25].
Uduk:à=ppéː3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 19. Quoted as à=ppé in [Bender 1983: 271; Thelwall 1983: 332].
Gule:àyú-n4
Bender 1983: 271. Quoted as {aioun} in [Lejean 1865: 249]; as aiyuː-n in [Seligmann 1911: 300]. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Kwama:kò1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as kōʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20].
Begi Mao:koʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:gāpʼ2
Silfhout 2013: 73.
Komo:ɓı3
Otero 2015: 9. Quoted as ɓi in [Krell 2011: 25]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 20]: ɗɛ̀ 'mountain', not found in other sources.
Uduk:wòš4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 175; Killian 2015: 285. Same word as 'stone' q.v.
Gule:
Not attested in Bender's notes. However, in the old source [Lejean 1865: 247], the equivalent for 'mountain' in Fougn (Gule) is of, i.e. same as 'stone'.
NUMBER:56
WORD:mouth
Kwama:tʼwá1
Leyew 2006: 36. Quoted as tʼōáʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as tʼwa in [Bender 1983: 271; Hellenthal 2015: 61].
Begi Mao:tʼoaʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:tʼàː1
Silfhout 2013: 116. Quoted as tʼa in [Bender 1983: 271]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit taʔ in [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:tʼa1
Otero 2015: 65. Quoted as tʼaː in [Bender 1983: 271]; as tʼaʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as tʼá in [Krell 2011: 25].
Uduk:tʼwāʔ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 159; Thelwall 1983: 332. Polysemy: 'mouth / lip / beak / language'. Quoted as tʼwá in [Bender 1983: 271]; as tʼʷáʔ in [Killian 2015: 22].
Gule:ˈitǝ-n1
Bender 1983: 271. Quoted as {etagaï} in [Lejean 1865: 248] (probably a plural form). Quoted as ĭte-n in [Seligmann 1911: 300]. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Kwama:sónkʼ1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as sɔ̄ntʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: tuːl 'name'. Still differently in [Hellenthal 2015: 59]: twi 'to call; name'.
Begi Mao:sɔ̄ŋkʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:ǯīntì2
Silfhout 2013: 69. Differently in [Bender 1983: 271]: ʓuga 'name'.
Komo:zaga3
Krell 2011: 25. Quoted as zágà in [Bender 1983: 271]; as tì=záːgàʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. For some reason, not attested in Otero's dictionary, but all the other sources are in perfect agreement on the basic equivalent for this Swadesh item.
Uduk:gwày4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 67; Killian 2015: 393. Polysemy: 'name / song'. Quoted as gwài in [Bender 1983: 271].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:58
WORD:neck
Kwama:kʼúšš1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as kuːš in [Bender 1983: 272]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 20]: pʼı̄l 'neck, nape of neck'. This latter form is also listed in [Bender 1983: 272] as pil ~ pʼil 'neck'.
Begi Mao:kʋš1
Wedekind 2002: 20. Glossed as 'neck (front)'; distinct from pı̄l 'neck (back)'.
Opo:ɓīyà #2
Silfhout 2013: 65. Quoted as ɓia ~ bia 'neck' in [Bender 1983: 271]. Slightly dubious; this word is cognate with the Komo equivalent for 'back of the neck, nape', but most Koman languages have a well-defined lexical opposition between 'front of the neck = throat' and 'back of the neck = nape'. Both Silfhout's and Bender's data collection give the impression that Opo may have merged this opposition in favor of a single 'back of the neck' for both meanings, but since the data are not entirely trustworthy, the impression awaits confirmation from additional sources.
Komo:kʼʋš1
Otero 2015: 38. Meaning glossed as 'throat' (also 'sound'). No separate word for 'neck' is attested in Otero's dictionary; however, the same word is glossed as kʼwuš 'neck' in [Bender 1983: 272]. Apparently, this word ('front part of neck; throat') is in lexical opposition to ɓa 'back of neck' [Bender 1983: 271], further glossed as ɓa 'neck, nape of neck' in [Wedekind 2002: 20] and simply as bà 'neck' in [Krell 2011: 25].
Uduk:kʼós1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 96. Polysemy: 'throat / neck / front of neck'. The same entry also lists the form ʓʼús (sic!) as a variant of the same. Distinct from ɓāʔ 'back of neck' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 36]. Cf. ɓàʔ- 'neck' and kʼos 'neck' in [Bender 1983: 271, 272]; ɓāʔ 'neck' in [Killian 2015: 21], kʼús 'throat' in [Killian 2015: 65]. Seemingly the same situation with lexical distribution of the meanings 'front of the neck, throat' and 'back of the neck, nape' as in Komo.
Gule:beː-n2
Bender 1983: 272. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Kwama:dídíšš1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as dīdìš in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as =diš in [Bender 1983: 272]ː as didiš in [Hellenthal 2015: 7].
Begi Mao:díːdìš1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:nā=ʓèkìs2
Silfhout 2013: 92. Quoted as ʓɛkis in [Bender 1983: 272]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ntaikis in [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:zıš1
Otero 2015: 77. Quoted as ziːš in [Bender 1983: 272]; as da=zı̀š in [Krell 2011: 26].
Uduk:t̪īs ~ t̪īt̪ʰ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 161. Quoted as tʰís in [Bender 1983: 272]; as tʰīs in [Killian 2015: 155].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:60
WORD:night
Kwama:án=zúgún1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as ʔˈān=zùgùn in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as sugun in [Bender 1983: 272; Hellenthal 2015: 48], with polysemy: 'night / dark'. The latter form shows that an= is a prefixal component.
Begi Mao:kall=gʋšúːnʋʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:ʓīɕʼī2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Differently in [Bender 1983: 272]: =siːt 'night'. Cf. Buldiit woʔ-siːt in [Corfield 1938: 161]. The Kusgilo equivalent is either makima or pak [ibid.].
Komo:sʼini3
Otero 2015: 59. Also kı=sʼini id. [Otero 2015: 30]. Quoted as sʼìní in [Bender 1983: 272]; as sʼɛ̀ːní in [Wedekind 2002: 20].
Uduk:mòn=t̪ʼíɲ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 114; Thelwall 1983: 334. Quoted as =tín in [Bender 1983: 272]. The initial component is an auxiliary morpheme with the general meaning 'time / place'.
Gule:kǝ=sǝmsi4
Bender 1983: 272. Quoted as a=semsi in [Seligmann 1911: 300].
NUMBER:61
WORD:nose
Kwama:šúnš1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as šʋ̄š in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as šuš ~ šunš in [Bender 1983: 272]; as šʋnš in [Hellenthal 2015: 53].
Begi Mao:šʋnš1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:sūsù ~ sɔsɔ1
Silfhout 2013: 109. Quoted as sɔsɔ ~ ɕuɕ in [Bender 1983: 272]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ɕuɕ [Corfield 1938: 161].
Komo:šʋnš1
Otero 2015: 20. For some reason, only attested within bound expressions in Otero's dictionary, e. g. goŋoŋ ba šʋnš 'bridge of nose', etc. Quoted as šɔːš in [Bender 1983: 272]; as šʋ̃ʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as šùš in [Krell 2011: 26].
Uduk:šūš1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 144; Killian 2015: 85. Quoted as šúš in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:fˈufa-n1
Bender 1983: 272. Quoted as fufa-n in [Seligmann 1911: 300]. Differently in [Lejean 1865: 248]: {manèn} 'nose'. Final -n is a very frequent nominal suffix.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Kwama:hil-1
Leyew 2006: 20. Verbal prefix, used for perfective forms (cf. hil-ga-ša 'I did not eat'). According to Leyew, Bender (unpublished) transcribes the same prefix as yil-.
Begi Mao:
Not attested.
Opo:
Not attested.
Komo:baš2
Otero 2014: 24. Negative auxiliary verb, preceding the main verb and agreeing with the subject in person and number.
Uduk:=à3
Killian 2015: 267. According to Killian, the standard way of forming negative constructions is a circumfix-like construction: yǐsà ... =à, cf.: Yǎsı̄r yı̌sā pʰúɗ-kú-ɗ =à "Yasir has not arrived". However, in some cases negation can be limited to simply the final particle =à, indicating that it is probably more archaic in this function than yı̌sà.
Gule:iši #5
Not attested in [Bender 1983]. Several contextual forms in [Seligmann 1911: 305] indicate that the basic way of expressing negation in Gule was the use of the negative particle iši, cf. iši mertatási usu 'he did not go out', iši m' isi ai 'I don't drink water', etc.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Kwama:dab-4
Leyew 2006: 20. Verbal prefix, used for imperfective forms (cf. dab-ga-hoyo 'I will not come'). According to Leyew, Bender (unpublished) transcribes the same prefix as ab-, without the initial consonant.
Begi Mao:
Opo:
Komo:
Uduk:yǐsà5
Killian 2015: 267.
Gule:
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Kwama:à=síyéné1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as ʔā=sˈɛ́n ~ ʔā=sɛ́l in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as seːn-do in [Bender 1983: 272]; as sene in [Hellenthal 2015: 46]. Cf. also sesʼkın 'one; once' in [Hellenthal 2015: 46].
Begi Mao:sɛ́ːnɛ́1
Wedekind 2002: 20.
Opo:ɗɛ̄-n2
Silfhout 2013: 70. Quoted as ɗeɗe ~ didi in [Bender 1983: 272]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit didi in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:ɗɛ2
Otero 2014: 13. The word is not listed in the dictionary [Otero 2015], but cf. the obviously related verbal stem ɗɛ-agı '(to be) other' in [Otero 2015: 14]. Quoted as ɗe in [Bender 1983: 272]; as ɗɛʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. An entirely different equivalent, not supported by any other sources, is found in [Krell 2011: 26]: kʼáʔi 'one' (and cf. also ɗé-n 'other' ibid.).
Uduk:ɗéʔ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 54; Killian 2015: 129; Thelwall 1983: 327. Quoted as ɗeʔ in [Bender 1983: 272]. Cf. also tʰwāʔāʔ 'first' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 156; Killian 2015: 132].
Gule:dì=dí-n2
Bender 1983: 272. Quoted as {ditin ~ dedenn} in [Lejean 1865: 249]; as dè=dín in [Seligmann 1911: 303]. The first syllable is a standard numeric prefix (dV=), also present in all the other numerals from 1 to 5.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Kwama:sìt1
Leyew 2006: 36. Same word as 'man' q.v. Quoted as sit in [Bender 1983: 272].
Begi Mao:
Not attested. Possibly the same as 'man' q.v.
Opo:ʋ̄pò ~ pʋ2
Silfhout 2013: 104, 119. Quoted as pɔ in [Bender 1983: 272].
Komo:yiba3
Otero 2015: 75. Quoted as yìbáʔ in [Bender 1983: 272]; as yiba in [Krell 2011: 26]. Cf. gíbɛ́ʔ 'man' in [Wedekind 2002: 20].
Uduk:wàt̪íʔ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 173. See notes on 'man' for details on semantics.
Gule:gǝmɔl5
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Kwama:hìnsʼ1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as yı̄nsʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 20]. Probably the same word listed in [Hellenthal 2015: 22] as isʼ 'rainy season'. Differently in [Bender 1983: 272]: šuː 'rain', also quoted as šʋ 'rain' in [Hellenthal 2015: 53].
Begi Mao:yinsʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 20. Also šʋʔ id. (difference unknown).
Opo:hɔ̂2
Silfhout 2013: 75. Quoted as hɔ in [Bender 1983: 272]. Silfhout also mentions the dialectal equivalent wɔs 'rain'. Differently in Kusgilo and Buldiit: dĭba 'rain' [Corfield 1938: 162].
Komo:ɔ2
Otero 2015: 46. Quoted as ō in [Bender 1983: 272]; as ʔɔ́ː in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as wo in [Krell 2011: 26].
Uduk:à=šōkʼ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 23; Killian 2015: 143. Quoted as =šók in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:rus4
Bender 1983: 272. Quoted as {rous} in [Lejean 1865: 248]; as ruːs in [Seligmann 1911: 300].
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Kwama:kʼàšš1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as kʼāš in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as kʼǝš in [Bender 1983: 272].
Otero 2015: 50. Verbal stem, glossed with polysemy: 'light-skinned / red'. Quoted as pʼɛl- in [Bender 1983: 272]; as pʼɛ̄ːl-í ~ pʼɛ̄ːl-í-nà in [Wedekind 2002: 20]; as pʼɛ́l-ɛ́n in [Krell 2011: 27].
Uduk:pʼér3
Killian 2015: 21, 123. In [Beam & Cridland 1970: 133], this etymon is only listed as part of the compound form pʼērí mò kí pʰīyu 'red' (unclear why; the last component is most likely the same as pʰīw 'very red' in [Killian 2015: 27]), but also quoted as =pʼér in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:artʼe4
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Kwama:àŋà1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as ʔˈāːŋà in [Wedekind 2002: 21]. Differently in [Bender 1983: 272]: pwo- 'road'.
Begi Mao:áːŋgāʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:ʓò=pūr2
Silfhout 2013: 80. Meaning glossed as 'road (for walking)'. The first component is prefixal. Quoted as =purr in [Bender 1983: 272]. Cf. Kusgilo wu=pŭr 'path' [Corfield 1938: 162]; the Buldiit equivalent for 'path' is gerabut [ibid.].
Komo:kʋma3
Otero 2015: 32. Polysemy: 'road / path'. Quoted as kómà in [Bender 1983: 272]; as kómà in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as kiɛ́n=kʷūmà 'path' in [Krell 2011: 26]. Bender also lists the form kwā 'road' [Bender 1983: 272], not confirmed by other sources.
Uduk:bwày4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 35; Thelwall 1983: 331; Killian 2015: 111. Meaning glossed as 'road, path'. Quoted as bwāì in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:adɔ-n5
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Kwama:sʼánsʼ1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as sʼānsʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as sʼan in [Bender 1983: 272].
Begi Mao:sʼansʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:kìlīɕà2
Silfhout 2013: 82. Quoted simply as kil in [Bender 1983: 272].
Komo:bıl3
Otero 2015: 6. Quoted as bil in [Bender 1983: 272]; as bìl in [Krell 2011: 27]. Completely different equivalent in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: kʼáːzāʔ 'root', not confirmed in any other sources.
Uduk:ā=bír-mān3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 2. Quoted as =ɓír-màn in [Bender 1983: 272]. Without the suffix -man, cf. bìr ɕwá 'tree-root' in [Killian 2015: 196].
Gule:kúré4
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Kwama:
Not attested.
Begi Mao:
Not attested.
Opo:nā=kūlpʼàʓè1
Silfhout 2013: 93. Verbal stem: '(be) round'.
Komo:tʼulaː-gı2
Otero 2015: 67. Meaning 'round 3D'. Obviously the same word is also listed as tʼʋlaː-gı 'be round (as a small ball)' on p. 68. Cf. also tutı-ıš 'be round' on p. 64 (is this 'round 2D'?).
Uduk:kūn-īs3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 85. Meaning glossed as 'to be rounded, round'. Cf. tōŋ kūn-īs 'ball, round thing, circle' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 151].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Kwama:pùːšù1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as fulfuš in [Bender 1983: 272]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: wˈāŋās 'sand'.
Begi Mao:fʋlfʋs1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:piosa #1
Bender 1983: 272. Also pɔya id. (different root?). Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit piosa [Corfield 1938: 162]. Not attested in our main source, but cf. pūyhà 'type of soil' in [Silfhout 2013: 103] (probably the same word as Bender's pɔya).
Komo:púš1
Krell 2011: 27. Quoted as pɔ́š in [Bender 1983: 272]. Not attested in Otero's dictionary, but cf. the reduplicated adjectival stem puːš-puːš 'gray' [Otero 2015: 49]; same root?
Uduk:à=sīɓ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 22; Killian 2015: 125. Quoted as à=ssíɓ in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:tufweːni3
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Kwama:kwákó #1
Leyew 2006: 37. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: sī-ā-zˈì 'he says' (with root reduplication). Still differently in [Bender 1983: 272]: tǝr- 'to say'.
Begi Mao:má=tàr2
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:hê3
Silfhout 2013: 75. Differently in [Bender 1983: 272]: tan 'say'.
Komo:wɔ-agı4
Otero 2015: 71. Meaning glossed as 'speak with, talk to'. However, the exact same item is listed as wó 'say' in [Bender 1983: 272] and as ú-r (3rd p. m. sg. past) in [Krell 2011: 27]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: seː-r 'he says', not confirmed in other sources.
Uduk:ó4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 123; Killian 2015: 250. Quoted as o- in [Bender 1983: 272].
Gule:=li5
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Kwama:šì1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as mˈá=n=šīʔ 'he sees' in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as šiː in [Bender 1983: 272].
Begi Mao:mǝ́=n=ši1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:tā=ʓı̀=gı̀l-2
Silfhout 2013: 110. Dialectal variant listed as a=gıl-an. Quoted as gel- in [Bender 1983: 272].
Komo:yıl-agı2
Otero 2015: 76. Polysemy: 'to see / to look at / to watch'. Quoted as yil- in [Bender 1983: 272]; as yèl-ír 'he sees' in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as yìl-il (3rd p. m. s. past) in [Krell 2011: 27].
Uduk:míš3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 110; Killian 2015: 44. Polysemy: 'to see / to know / to be able / to love'. Cf. míš-kìd 'he saw' in [Thelwall 1983: 335]. In [Bender 1983: 272], the equivalent for the meaning 'see' is listed as hil-; this corresponds to híl 'to watch, to look, to care for children, to observe' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 70] and híl 'to look' in [Killian 2015: 44], so the word is clearly ineligible.
Gule:kílɛ́s2
Bender 1983: 272.
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Kwama:múɲè1
Leyew 2006: 37. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: yˈāi̯yì 'seed'. Still differently in [Bender 1983: 273]: zi 'seed' (same word as 'eye'?).
Begi Mao:zıyı́ʔ2
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:ʓè-sē2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Quoted as ʓe-se in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. ʓê 'eye'. Cf. also gwālé 'nut, seed' in [Silfhout 2013: 74].
Komo:yamʋn1
Otero 2015: 72. Only attested in the meaning 'semen; progeny' in compounds such as yamʋn gaduk-agı 'be spawn of'; yamʋn-ba-yiš 'penis'. However, additional sources mostly agree that the original meaning is 'seed' in general: cf. ɛmin ~ yamon 'seed' in [Bender 1983: 273]; yáːmʋ́n 'seed' in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; dámún 'seed' in [Krell 2011: 28]. Cf. also dıša 'seeds, nuts' in [Otero 2015: 12].
Uduk:ēmén1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 60; Thelwall 1983: 329; Killian 2015: 77. Polysemy: 'seed / fruit / kidney / testicle'. Quoted as emen in [Bender 1983: 273].
Gule:agini3
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Kwama:=zal #1
Leyew 2006: 30, 31. Only attested in such complex conjugational forms as ga=ma=n=zal 'I sat down', ga=zal-i-gi=zal 'I had sat down' (the latter with root reduplication). Confirmed in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: zāl 'sit'.
Begi Mao:zǝ̀lǝ́-zǝ̀l1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:wātín2
Silfhout 2013: 113. Glossed with the verbal prefix as tà=wātín.
Komo:sɔk-agı3
Otero 2015: 52. Polysemy: 'to sit / to be'. Quoted as sǝ̀k-ǝ́r ~ sòk-ı́r in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as sʷōk-īr in [Krell 2011: 28].
Uduk:ɕʰāɓ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 42; Killian 2015: 22. Meaning in the former source glossed as 'to remain, stay'; the more specific meaning 'to sit' corresponds there to the compound expression ɕʰāɓ pʼén (pʼén = 'bottom; buttocks'). Suppletive sg. stem; the corresponding pl. stem is kʼó 'to be present, to be somewhere', kʼó pʼén 'to sit' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 95, 96].
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Kwama:gòŋgò1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as gˈɔ̄ŋgó in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as gɔːŋgo in [Bender 1983: 273].
Begi Mao:gɔ̄ːŋgɔ́ʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:dı́nɕʼàː2
Silfhout 2013: 69. Meaning specified as 'skin (of man)'. Quoted as dinɕʼa in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. Kusgilo dinsa, Buldiit dinɕa in [Corfield 1938: 162].
Komo:dinsʼa2
Otero 2015: 12. Not confirmed in other sources, but presence of the same etymon in the closely related Opo language confirms the reliability of the entry in Otero's dictionary. Cf. wàːláʔ 'skin' in [Wedekind 2002: 21] = wàlá 'skin' in [Krell 2011: 28]; in Otero's dictionary this word is, however, explicitly listed as wala 'hide' [Otero 2015: 70], i. e. 'animal skin' as opposed to dinsʼa 'human skin'. Another partial equivalent is yisʼ 'skin' in [Bender 1983: 273]; again, this word is listed in [Otero 2015: 75] with the narrower meaning 'scales, animal hide (not yet dry)'.
Uduk:à=yìɕʼ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 28. Same word as 'bark' q.v. Quoted as e=yiʓa in [Bender 1983: 273]. Distinct from yìtʰ ~ yìɗ 'tanned dry skin' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 182]; however, according to Don Killian p.c., the meaning 'skin' in general is expressed by the form à=yìɗ, despite some dialectal confusion.
Gule:fumu-n4
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Kwama:ʔìš1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as ʔìːš in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as iʔiš in [Bender 1983: 273].
Begi Mao:mǝ́=ʔìš1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:ɓàt-ín2
Silfhout 2013: 110. Listed with the verbal prefix tā=. Quoted as bat- in [Bender 1983: 273]. According to Silfhout, this item is a "variant" of ta=tínǝ̄ 'to sleep' [Silfhout 2013: 112], but this other equivalent is not confirmed in Bender's data; perhaps this is some sort of dialectal contraction from *ta=ɓat-inǝ?
Komo:iš-agı1
Otero 2015: 25. Quoted as iši in [Bender 1983: 273]; as ìš-ír in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as ıš-ir in [Krell 2011: 28].
Uduk:īš-ʔē-1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 73. Cf. ìš-ʔè 'to sleep' in [Thelwall 1983: 334]; íš-íɗ 'he is sleeping (resting)' in [Killian 2015: 69]; quoted as íš-ʔè in [Bender 1983: 273]. The component -è in all these forms is the original root for 'eye' q.v.
Gule:muʓʼuk #3
Bender 1983: 273. Listed with a question mark.
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Kwama:warkin1
Leyew 2006: 26. Quoted as wɔ́rkˈíːní in [Wedekind 2002: 21].
Begi Mao:ʌ=wɛrkín1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:nà=kʰālà2
Silfhout 2013: 93.
Komo:gʋr-aːgı3
Otero 2015: 22. Meaning glossed as 'be few, little; be shallow'. Cf. also the (suppletive?) form sʼosʼ-agı 'to be few (pl.); be small, little (pl.)' [Otero 2015: 60]. If this is a reduplicated stem, it is probably the same as ásʼɔ̄ː ~ hásʼɔ̄ː 'small' in [Wedekind 2002: 21] and cʼò-n 'small' in [Krell 2011: 28].
Uduk:gwàɗ-á-gwàɗ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 67; Killian 2015: 210. Cf. also gwàɗ-àɗ "it is little (small)". Distinct from àrá ~ àrí [Beam & Cridland 1970: 20], glossed as 'little; young (sg.), used before noun' and quoted as àrá 'little' in [Thelwall 1983: 331] and as ārí 'small' in [Killian 2015] (passim). According to Don Killian p.c., the latter quasi-synonym is a diminutive, used for animals or people only.
Gule:
Not attested in [Bender 1983]. Cf. =das 'small' in [Seligmann 1911: 301]: luːs maː=daːs 'a small stick', luːs adéluk ya=dă=dáːs 'many small sticks'.
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Kwama:sínkʼ1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as sīŋkʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as siŋkʼ in [Bender 1983: 273]; as sinkʼ in [Hellenthal 2015: 47].
Begi Mao:siŋkʼ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:kɔ̀rā ~ kúrā2
Silfhout 2013: 83, 84. Quoted as kura in [Bender 1983: 273].
Komo:kur2
Otero 2015: 32. Quoted as kurr in [Bender 1983: 273]; as kúr in [Krell 2011: 28].
Uduk:à=kúɗ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 11. Quoted as =kúɗ in [Bender 1983: 273].
Gule:ʓurɛd ~ durɛd3
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Kwama:zùːgù1
Leyew 2006: 38. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 21]: kʋ̄l 'stand'. Still differently in [Bender 1983: 273]: =twus 'stand'.
Begi Mao:zʋgɛ́-zuːguʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:tōwùs2
Silfhout 2013: 112. Glossed with the verbal prefix tā=. Differently in [Bender 1983: 273]: wurʓe 'to stand'. This latter word is glossed as wurʓe 'to wait' in [Silfhout 2013: 114].
Komo:dɔš-agı3
Otero 2015: 13. Polysemy: 'to stop moving / standing'. Quoted as dɔ̀ːš-ì in [Bender 1983: 273]; as dòš-ı́r in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as dʷʋ̄š-īr in [Krell 2011: 29].
Uduk:dóš3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 52. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be engaged'; cf. also dòš-à bòr 'to face, stand (sg.)'. Quoted as dòš-ì in [Bender 1983: 273]; as doš- in [Killian 2015: 72]; as dóš-óɗ 'he stands' in [Thelwall 1983: 330]. The gloss pʰéɗ-ā-bòr 'to stand' in [Thelwall 1983: 325] seems semantically inaccurate: cf. pʰéɗ-ā bòr 'to stand (face to face) pl.' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 128] (this is not just a suppletive plural form, since the root doš- can be easily used with plural subjects, cf. únī dǒš-ón 'they stood up' in [Killian 2015: 145]). According to Don Killian p.c., pʰéɗ- "refers to a particular type of standing", but the exact meaning remains unclear.
Gule:kǝ́gù4
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Kwama:bìzìn1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as bˈīzɛ̀n in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as biːza ~ bizin in [Bender 1983: 273]; as bisʼan in [Hellenthal 2015: 10].
Begi Mao:bìːzɛ́l1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:písākʼɔ̄1
Silfhout 2013: 103. Quoted as pisakɔ in [Bender 1983: 273].
Komo:kıːl2
Otero 2015: 29. Quoted as kɛːl in [Bender 1983: 273]; as kı́l in [Krell 2011: 29].
Uduk:à=ɕúl2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 4. Polysemy: 'star / firefly'. Quoted as =ɕúl in [Bender 1983: 273].
Gule:kèːlú2
Bender 1983: 273. Quoted as kèlu in [Seligmann 1911: 300].
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Kwama:pʼìdìll1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as pʼˈı̄dı̀l in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as pʼidil in [Bender 1983: 273]; as pʼidin in [Hellenthal 2015: 180].
Begi Mao:pʼíːdı̀t1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:ʓàw2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Meaning glossed as 'stone (small)'. Quoted as ʓao in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. Kusgilo zowa, Buldiit yauwa in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:ɔ̀š3
Krell 2011: 29. For some reason, no word with the meaning 'stone' or 'rock' is attested at all in Otero's dictionary. Quoted as ɔːš ~ wɔš in [Bender 1983: 273]; as ɔ̀ːš in [Wedekind 2002: 22].
Bender 1983: 273. Quoted as ŏf in [Seligmann 1911: 300].
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Kwama:káːlá1
Leyew 2006: 38. Polysemy: 'sun / day'. Quoted as kʰˈāːlā in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as kaːla in [Bender 1983: 273]; as kaya in [Hellenthal 2015: 24].
Begi Mao:káːláʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:tāy2
Silfhout 2013: 113. Polysemy: 'sun / hour / time'. Quoted as tai in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit tai in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:tɛ2
Otero 2015: 61. Polysemy: 'sun / day / time'. Quoted as tʸé in [Bender 1983: 273]; as té in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as kʷòmà=tí in [Krell 2011: 29] (the latter is probably a compound with 'day' = kımı [Otero 2015: 30]).
Uduk:à=téntéʔ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 23. Polysemy: 'sun / clock'. Quoted as =téndé in [Bender 1983: 273]; as téntēʔ in [Killian 2015: 362].
Gule:taʔ2
Bender 1983: 273. Quoted as {ta} in [Lejean 1865: 249]; as taː in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
Silfhout 2013: 114. Quoted as tɛʓil in [Bender 1983: 273]. This form is marked by van Silfhout as a "dialectal variant" of tā=ʓī=té 'to swim' [Silfhout 2013: 110], but the latter form finds no confirmation in Bender's data.
Komo:pag-agı4
Otero 2015: 46. Quoted as pǝg-e in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. also fāǯ-īr 'swim' in [Krell 2011: 29] (same root with palatalization?).
Uduk:káŋ5
Beam & Cridland 1970: 79. The full form is káŋ yìɗéʔ, where the second component is 'water' q.v.; however, the verb is not attested on its own in the dictionary. Quoted simply as káŋ in [Bender 1983: 273].
Gule:kǝyu #6
Bender 1983: 273. Listed with lots of question marks.
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Kwama:úwúŋú1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as ʔʋ̄ŋʋ̄ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as uːŋu in [Bender 1983: 273]; as ʋŋʋ in [Hellenthal 2015: 63].
Begi Mao:ʔʋ̄ːŋʋ̄1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:wùl2
Silfhout 2013: 120. Quoted as uːl in [Bender 1983: 273].
Komo:sin3
Otero 2015: 52. Quoted as siːn in [Bender 1983: 273]; as cín in [Krell 2011: 29].
Uduk:t̪īn3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 161. Quoted as tʰín in [Bender 1983: 273]; as t̪īɲ in [Killian 2015: 105].
Gule:sisin3
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Kwama:=an-1
Leyew 2006: 9. The exact forms are: an-i 'that' (masc.), ab=an-u 'that' (fem.), mun=an-i 'that' (inanimate), hun=an-i 'those' (plural), with gender/number prefixes and suffixes. All of these forms represent an intermediate degree of deixis ('not far'); distal forms ('that far') are formed from them by means of lengthening: ann-iː 'that' (masc.), ab=annː-uː 'that' (fem.), mun=ann-iː 'that' (inanimate), hun=ann-iː 'those' (plural). The paradigm also includes additional masculine forms: (a) hal=an-i 'that, not far', hal=ann-iː 'that, far'; (b) u=n-i 'that, not far', u=nn-iː 'that, far'. The forms in group (a) are clearly formed by means of an additional deictic prefix; forms in group (b) either reflect a completely different stem or are also the result of contraction with an additional deictic prefix (< *u=an-i). The second solution is favored by analogy with the corresponding form uw-e 'this' q.v. In [Wedekind 2002: 22], only the form ʔˈʋ̄nì is listed in the meaning 'that'. Cf. also yani 'that' in [Bender 1983: 278].
Begi Mao:wíːšɛ̀n3
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:nı̄n=tı̀n4
Silfhout 2013: 97. Glossed as 'that (man)'. Cf. nı̄n=ɔ̀ 'this (man)', based on which we tentatively carry out the morphological segmentation. Completely different in [Bender 1983: 278]: =re 'that', not confirmed in van Silfhout's data.
Komo:d...=tın #4
Otero 2014: 12. According to Otero's brief description, distal deixis is expressed in Komo by the forms dıːtın (masc.) and dʋːtın (fem.), which allows to formally split them into "gender prefixes" (dıː- and dʋː-) and the common invariant root =tın. External data show that the actual gender markers are monovocalic: *=i- and *=u- (cf. Kwama data), so a more complex analysis suggests that d= may be the original pronominal root and =tın could be some sort of emphatic extender. The situation will only be resolved as better data become available. Entries from alternate sources only confuse the situation further: cf. -di 'that' in [Bender 1983: 18] (no full forms are given, only an extracted morpheme); wɔ̀nítīíː 'that' in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; dúnù 'that' in [Krell 2011: 30]. All these forms are hard or impossible to reduce to a single common invariant; they either suggest serious dialectal fluctuation or, more probably, that the complete situation with distal deixis pronouns in Komo is far more complicated than the one that is briefly described in [Otero 2014].
Uduk:ʓǎ=tā-n / ʓǎ=tēː4
Killian 2015: 152. The detailed (and very complex) list of non-proximal deictic forms for Uduk in Killian's description is as follows: (a) with the addressee close to the speaker: "medial" = sg. ʓǎ=ɗā-n ~ ʓǎ=n, pl. gwǎ=ɗā-n ~ gwǎ=n; "medial, focused" = sg. ʓǎ=tā-n ~ ʓǎ=ntā-n, pl. gwǎ=tā-n ~ gwǎ=ntā-n; "remote" = sg. ʓǎ=tā-n ~ ʓǎ=ttā-n, pl. gwǎ=tā-n ~ gwǎ=ttā-n; "distal" = sg. ʓà=ttáː-n ~ ʓǎ=ttāː-n, pl. gwà=ttáː-n ~ gwǎ=ttāː-n. The overall formula is that of a general pronominal stem, followed by *=Ta(ː)n, where different laryngeal features of the consonant and different length degrees of the vowel correspond to the degree of remoteness; (b) with the addressee remote from the speaker: "medial" = sg. ʓǎ=ɗē ~ ʓǎ=tē ~ ʓǎ=ntē, pl. gwǎ=ɗē ~ gwǎ=tē ~ gwǎ=ntē; "remote" = sg. ʓǎ=tēː ~ ʓǎ=ttē, pl. gwǎ=tēː ~ gwǎ=ttē; "distal" = sg. ʓà=ttéː ~ ʓǎ=ttēː, pl. gwà=ttéː ~ gwǎ=ttēː. None of the other sources on Uduk list all of these forms, but cf. ʓá=ntān ~ ʓáː=ttʰēː 'that one' in [Beam & Cridland 1970: 74]. It is possible to regard all these forms as ultimately containing different allomorphs of the same "distal deixis" root *=TV-.
Gule:naːte5
Bender 1983: 278.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Kwama:=at-2
Leyew 2006: 9. This is yet another distal deixis stem, attested in such forms as: ab=at-o 'that (feminine, not far)', hun=at-un 'those (not far)', and possibly also u=t-e 'that (masculine, not far)'. All of these forms also have their expressive correlates, formed by means of gemination: ab=att-oː 'that (feminine, far)', hun=att-uːn 'those (far)', u=tt-eː 'that (masculine, far)'. Difference between the n-stem and the t-stem for 'that' remains unclear.
Begi Mao:
Opo:
Komo:
Uduk:
Gule:
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Kwama:a-1
Leyew 2006: 9. The exact forms are: a-ʔe 'this' (masc., living), a-ʔo 'this' (fem., living), where coda vowels indicate gender; additionally, there is also a form ab=a-ʔo 'this' (fem., living), with an extra feminine gender prefix (cf. the corresponding forms with the meaning 'that'). For inanimate objects, the first morpheme is quite different: mun-ey 'this' (masc., non-living), mun-o ~ mun-to 'this' (fem., non-living); according to Leyew, mun- means 'thing'. The corresponding plural form is hun=a-ʔe 'these'.
Begi Mao:á-nì1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:nın=ɔ̀2
Silfhout 2013: 97. Glossed as 'this (man)'. Cf. nı̄n=tı̀n 'that (man)', based on which we tentatively carry out the morphological segmentation. Completely different in [Bender 1983: 273]: =ge 'this', not confirmed in van Silfhout's data.
Komo:ba3
Otero 2014: 11. Quoted as -bǝ-ni in [Bender 1983: 273]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 22]: wɔ̀-ní-gā 'this', and again differently in [Krell 2011: 30]: ínā 'this'. Considering the general instability of demonstratives in Koman languages, all this fluctuation may reflect the actual situation in dialects, but we prefer to rely on Otero's grammatical description that gives actual syntactic examples (e. g. a oš ba 'this stone', a yi lidi ba 'this thief', etc.).
Uduk:yá=sā-n ~ yá=hā-n4
Killian 2015: 152. The complete list of proximal deictic forms for Uduk is listed as follows: (a) with the addressee close to the speaker: "proximal, focused" = sg. yá=nhān ~ yá=nsān, pl. gwǎ=nhān ~ gwǎ=nsān; "proximal" = sg. yá=hān ~ yá=sān ~ yá=n, pl. gwǎ=hān ~ gwǎ=sān ~ gwǎ=n; (b) with the addressee remote from the speaker: "proximal" = sg. yá=nhē ~ yá=nsē ~ yá=hē ~ yá=sē, pl. gwǎ=nhē ~ gwǎ=nsē ~ gwǎ=hē ~ gwǎ=sē. The "degrees of alternation" =ns- ~ =nh- ~ =s- ~ =h- look similar to the "degrees of alternation" =nt- ~ =t- ~ =tt- for the medial / distal pronouns and may represent historical allomorphs of the same morpheme (though not necessarily). Cf. yáː=sē 'this one' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 177].
Gule:man5
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Kwama:uw-e2
Leyew 2006: 9. Glossed as 'this' (masc., living), where -e is the masculine gender number. Difference between a-ʔe and uw-e remains unclear; we include them both as technical synonyms. Comparison with u=n-i 'that' q.v. shows that u= may actually be just a general deictic prefix, and uw-e < *u=a-e with vocalic contraction. Quoted as ʔūwˈɛ̀ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as u-...-e in [Bender 1983: 273].
Begi Mao:
Opo:
Komo:
Uduk:
Gule:
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Kwama:ik1
Leyew 2006: 7. Object form: iːk, with vowel lengthening [Leyew 2006: 8]. Possessive stem: a=ke [ibid.]. Quoted as ʔı̄kʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 23]; as ik in [Bender 1983: 273]ː as ık in [Hellenthal 2015: 22].
Begi Mao:ikʰ1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:āy2
Silfhout 2013: 59. Quoted as ay in [Bender 1983: 273].
Komo:ay2
Otero 2014: 15. Cf. ai ~ ai-na 'thou' in [Bender 1983: 273-274]; n=ǎy-nā 'thou' in [Krell 2011: 32]. Cf. ʔàrnī 'you (sg.)' in [Wedekind 2002: 23] (an odd, possibly mistaken form).
Uduk:é2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 60 (written as ʔé to distinguish it graphically from the homophonous é 'eye'); Bender 1983: 273. Quoted as é in [Killian 2015: 114].
Gule:aːna3
Bender 1983: 274.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Kwama:tʼákáll1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as tāgˈāl in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as tʼakʼal in [Bender 1983: 274]; as tʼakı, with polysemy: 'tongue / flame' in [Hellenthal 2015: 59].
Begi Mao:takál1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:lìtʼā2
Silfhout 2013: 88. Quoted as litʼa in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo litta, Buldiit litha in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:lɛtʼ2
Otero 2015: 40. Quoted as lɛtʼʰ in [Bender 1983: 274]; as lɛːtʼ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as lɛ̀ːt in [Krell 2011: 30].
Uduk:à=lèɗ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 14. Quoted as =lèɗ in [Bender 1983: 274]; as lèɗ in [Killian 2015: 23].
Gule:adatʼwai3
Bender 1983: 274. Quoted as adad ayan in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Kwama:šíː1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as šīʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as šiː ~ šiːʔ in [Bender 1983: 274]; as ši in [Hellenthal 2015: 51].
Begi Mao:šiːʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:sè1
Silfhout 2013: 108. Reduplicated plural: sē-sày 'teeth' [ibid.]. Quoted as se in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ɕeiʔi in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:šɛ1
Otero 2015: 54. Quoted as šeː in [Bender 1983: 274]; as šeʔí ~ šeʔít in [Wedekind 2002: 22].
Uduk:šēʔ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 140; Thelwall 1983: 330; Killian 2015: 102. Quoted as šéʔ in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:seː-n1
Bender 1983: 274. Quoted as seː-n 'teeth' in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Kwama:swálá1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as sˈóālá in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as swaːla ~ swaːya in [Bender 1983: 274]; as swaya in [Hellenthal 2015: 49].
Begi Mao:sʷaːláʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:ɕá2
Silfhout 2013: 66. Polysemy: 'tree / wood'. Quoted as ɕa ~ tʸa in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo tɕa, Buldiit tɕa-tɕa in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:sa2
Otero 2014: 51. Polysemy: 'tree / wood'. Quoted as sáː in [Bender 1983: 274]; as sā in [Krell 2011: 31]; as sá in [Wedekind 2002: 22].
Uduk:ɕwá2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 101; Killian 2015: 22. For some reason, not attested in the dictionary as a separate entry, but figures in many examples, with polysemy: 'tree / wood'. Quoted as ɕʷá in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:wɔt3
Bender 1983: 274. Quoted as {ouatt} in [Lejean 1865: 247]; as wod 'wood (piece of)' in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Kwama:síyà1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as sˈíyá in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as siːya ~ swiːya in [Bender 1983: 274]; as swiya in [Hellenthal 2015: 49].
Begi Mao:siːyaʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:sùkʼà1
Silfhout 2013: 109. Quoted as suka in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ɕuka in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:sʋ1
Otero 2014: 13. Not listed in the dictionary [Otero 2015]. Quoted as sow-ɛn in [Bender 1983: 274]; as sʋʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as sʷùʔ-ı́n in [Krell 2011: 31].
Uduk:súʔ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 139; Thelwall 1983: 330; Killian 2015: 54. Quoted as sùʔ in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:dù=sùit1
Bender 1983: 274. Quoted as {dissou ~ desseg} in [Lejean 1865: 249]; as dè=ssú in [Seligmann 1911: 302]. The first syllable is a standard numeric prefix (dV=), also present in all the other numerals from 1 to 5.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Kwama:hò1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as mā=hɔ́ʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as huhɔ in [Bender 1983: 270].
Begi Mao:yā-r2
Wedekind 2002: 19.
Opo:ʓàː2
Silfhout 2013: 79. Quoted as ʓa in [Bender 1983: 270]; plural form said to be ya.
Komo:ya-agı2
Otero 2014: 72. Singulative stem; cf. the synchronically suppletive form ı-agı 'go, walk' (pl.) [Otero 2015: 25]. Quoted as ya ~ yéː in [Bender 1983: 270]; as yá-r in [Krell 2011: 22].
Uduk:yà ~ yà-yì2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 177, 179. Quoted as yá-yì in [Bender 1983: 270]. The morpheme -yì is a directional marker, see [Killian 2015: 187] (where its basic form is defined as í).
Gule:tɛs3
Bender 1983: 270. Cf. the imperative form 'go!' in [Lejean 1865: 249]: {ka=tas}.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm
Kwama:tʼòš1
Leyew 2006: 36. Meaning glossed as 'hot'. Quoted as =tɔːš 'warm' in [Bender 1983: 274]. In [Wedekind 2002: 19], the meaning 'hot, of water' is correlated with the form pɔ̄š; in [Wedekind 2002: 22], the meaning 'warm' is given as tʼʋ̄š.
Begi Mao:à=tʼɔ́š1
Wedekind 2002: 22. Meaning glossed as 'warm'.
Opo:kʰàgā2
Silfhout 2013: 85. Glossed as 'hot' and attested only within the compound expression kʰàb-kʰàgā 'hot weather' (as well as within the verbal stem tā=kāgā-tín '(to be) hot (of person' [Silfhout 2013: 111]), but also glossed as kaga 'warm' in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit nšari 'hot' in [Corfield 1938: 160].
Komo:ɓasʼ-agı3
Otero 2015: 9. Meaning glossed as 'hot, be hot, be hot (fever)'. Quoted as ɓǝsʼ 'warm' in [Bender 1983: 274]; as bēcʼ-íː-nà 'warm' in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as ɓās-ìngàsā 'hot' in [Krell 2011: 23] (apparently, there is no true lexical distinction between 'warm' and 'hot' in Komo).
Uduk:ɓāt̪ʼ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 37. Meaning glossed as 'hot' (also ɓāt̪ʼ-āɗ id.), but no alternate entry for 'warm' is attested in the dictionary. Cf. the reduplicated form ɓāt̪ʼ-ɓāt̪ʼ 'hot' in [Killian 2015: 147]. Quoted as ɓàtʰ- 'warm' in [Bender 1983: 274]. Distinct from māŋgāl-á-māŋgāl 'lukewarm' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 106].
Gule:awɔk4
Bender 1983: 274.
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Kwama:ìyyà1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as ʔīyáʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as iyaʔ in [Bender 1983: 274]; as iya in [Hellenthal 2015: 22].
Begi Mao:ìyáʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:ǯìː1
Silfhout 2013: 69. Quoted as yiʔi ~ ʓi in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo ɕiʔi ~ ziʔi, Buldiit yiʔi in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:yiː1
Otero 2015: 75. Quoted as yiː ~ yiːʔ in [Bender 1983: 274]; as ʔiː in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as yì-dóbı̄sı̀bà in [Krell 2011: 31] (where the word is chained together with an undecipherable complex stem for whatever reason).
Uduk:yìɗé1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 180; Thelwall 1983: 331; Killian 2015: 318. Quoted as yìʔí ~ yiɗeʔ in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:aːye1
Bender 1983: 274. Quoted as {aïeh} in [Lejean 1865: 247]; as ai in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:95
WORD:we1
Kwama:ma1
Leyew 2006: 7. Exclusive stem. Object form: maː, with vowel lengthening [Leyew 2006: 8]. Possessive stem: a=ma [ibid.]. Quoted as māʔ in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as ma in [Hellenthal 2015: 35].
Begi Mao:miːni1
Wedekind 2002: 22. Glossed as 'we, exclusive'; however, the form corresponds to Kwama 'we, inclusive', so this is most likely a semantic inaccuracy.
Opo:mīnà1
Silfhout 2013: 89. Inclusive stem. However, glossed in [Bender 1983: 274] as mina 'we (excl.)'.
Komo:amʋn1
Otero 2014: 15. Exclusive stem. Quoted as amon 'we (incl.)' (sic!) in [Bender 1983: 274]; as ʔáːmòn 'we (excl.)' in [Wedekind 2002: 22].
Uduk:ʔám ~ ʔámān1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 15. Exclusive stem. Quoted as ámàn in [Bender 1983: 274]. According to Don Killian p.c., the usual variants are ám̄ ~ ámān ~ ámmān, with áhām also encountered occasionally as an allegedly archaic form.
Gule:ánúːk2
Bender 1983: 274.
NUMBER:95
WORD:we2
Kwama:miːni1
Leyew 2006: 7. Inclusive stem. Possessive stem: a=mini [Leyew 2006: 8]. Quoted as mini 'we' (no clusivity!) in [Bender 1983: 274]; as mını in [Hellenthal 2015: 37].
Begi Mao:
Opo:māná1
Silfhout 2013: 89. Exclusive stem. However, glossed in [Bender 1983: 274] as mana 'we (incl.)'.
Komo:ana2
Otero 2014: 15. Inclusive stem. Quoted as ana 'we (excl.)' (sic!) in [Bender 1983: 274].
Uduk:ánā2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 17; Thelwall 1983: 329. Inclusive stem. Quoted as ànà in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Kwama:bì1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as biː in [Bender 1983: 274]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 23]: ʔōgūdˈí.
Begi Mao:bı́-yàtɛ́1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:tà=nà2
Silfhout 2013: 111. Quoted as tǝ=na in [Bender 1983: 274].
Komo:dìːníː #3
Wedekind 2002: 23. Not found in Otero's or Krell's materials, but quoted as -dini in [Bender 1983: 274].
Uduk:à=tá4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 23; Killian 2015: 261; Thelwall 1983: 327. Beam & Cridland 1970: 24. Cf. also à=tīn=tá 'what? what is this?' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 24], quoted simply as =tìn=dá 'what?' in [Bender 1983: 274]; this is probably the same as the construction à=tīn=tá 'why?', lit. 'reason-what' in [Killian 2015: 262].
Gule:éːdè4
Bender 1983: 274.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Kwama:sèːrè1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as sˈɛ̄ːrɛ̄ in [Wedekind 2002: 23]; as sere in [Bender 1983: 274].
Begi Mao:sɛrʌ-sɛ́ːrɛ1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:pʼātʼà2
Silfhout 2013: 106. Verbal stem: '(be) white'. Quoted as pata in [Bender 1983: 274]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit mpata in [Corfield 1938: 163].
Komo:pʼatʼ-aːgı2
Otero 2015: 50. Verbal stem: 'be white'. Quoted as pʼat-an in [Bender 1983: 274]; as pʼāt-ánà in [Wedekind 2002: 23]; as pʼát-án in [Krell 2011: 31].
Uduk:kúš3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 86; Killian 2015: 89. Quoted as =kúš in [Bender 1983: 274].
Gule:=kus3
Bender 1983: 274. Completely different equivalent in [Lejean 1865: 249]: {bit} 'white'.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Kwama:kárá1
Leyew 2006: 39. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 23]: bī (this is actually the same word as Leyew's bì 'what?'; probably a mistake, since Leyew's grammar sketch is better researched). Still differently in [Bender 1983: 274]: udi 'who?'.
Begi Mao:kára1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:tā=wà2
Silfhout 2013: 113. Quoted as ta=wa in [Bender 1983: 274].
Komo:yìdá #3
Krell 2011: 31. Not found in Otero's materials. Quoted as yedi ~ yida in [Bender 1983: 274]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 23]: àréːmìnī 'who'.
Uduk:à=ʓá4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 9. Quoted as sg. à=ʓǎ, pl. ī=ʓǎ in [Killian 2015: 261]; as sg. à=ʓá, pl. ì=ʓá in [Bender 1983: 274]; as à=ʓá in [Thelwall 1983: 328].
Gule:ɛ̀ːdé3
Bender 1983: 274.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Kwama:kíkíyàtà1
Leyew 2006: 39. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Quoted as kīkīˈàdà in [Wedekind 2002: 23]; cf. also kīkīàdˈá-nā 'wife' [ibid.]. Quoted as kikyata in [Bender 1983: 275].
Begi Mao:kiki̯aːta1
Wedekind 2002: 23. Distinct from sidɛsʷal 'wife' [ibid.].
Opo:ɓāpà2
Silfhout 2013: 64. Quoted as bapa in [Bender 1983: 275]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit bapa in [Corfield 1938: 163]; also Buldiit kumu 'woman' [ibid.].
Komo:ɓamit3
Otero 2015: 8. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Quoted as ɓamit in [Bender 1983: 275]; as bàmīt in [Krell 2011: 32]. Differently in [Wedekind 2002: 23]: wàːš 'woman' vs. was-ɛr 'wife', corresponding to waš 'wife' (but not 'woman') in [Otero 2015: 70].
Uduk:à=ɓóm3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 3; Killian 2015: 63. Polysemy: 'wife / woman'. Quoted as =ɓóm in [Bender 1983: 275].
Gule:gǝrim4
Bender 1983: 275. Quoted as {gherim} in [Lejean 1865: 247]; as gĕríːm in [Seligmann 1911: 301], with the suppletive plural gemim.
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Kwama:kˈāːšā #1
Wedekind 2002: 23. Not attested in Leyew's glossary.
Begi Mao:kaːša-kašáʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:wɔnebagulul2
Silfhout 2013: 120. Verbal stem: '(to be) yellow'. Obviously a compound, probably to be analyzed as 'eagle's legs' (wɔne 'leg' + bagulul 'eagle').
Komo:yɛn-ı-waga3
Otero 2015: 73. Literally = 'butter-chicken' (sic!), cf. yɛn 'fat; oil; butter' and waga 'chicken'. In [Krell 2011: 32], a lengthy and hard-to-decipher equivalent is recorded: kʼáyínmàpɛ̄lī 'yellow'.
Uduk:à=yìn-bìp #3
Killian 2015: 136. Literally = 'oil (fat) of cow'. Not attested in [Beam & Cridland 1970]. According to Don Killian p.c., gòɗ-gòɗ 'green' can also be used in the meaning 'yellow'.
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Kwama:à=šùll1
Leyew 2006: 35. Quoted as šul in [Bender 1983: 275].
Begi Mao:
Not attested.
Opo:nà=sēt2
Silfhout 2013: 95. Quoted as sit ~ set in [Bender 1983: 275].
Komo:šıtʼ-agı2
Otero 2015: 56. Verbal stem: 'be far, far from'. Quoted as šet ~ šitʼ in [Bender 1983: 275].
Uduk:sīɗ-á-sīɗ2
Beam & Cridland 1970: 137. Derived from the noun sīɗ 'distance' [ibid.]. Glossed as 'fair, difficult' in the dictionary, but 'fair' is clearly a misprint for 'far', cf. a confirming example in [Killian 2015: 140]: áskōs sīɗ-á-sīɗ pʼén ká páwlòs "Askos is further than Paulos".
Gule:aːssa3
Bender 1983: 275.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Kwama:aː=sil #1
Bender 1983: 276. Quoted as ʔā=sìl 'heavy' in [Wedekind 2002: 19]. Although in our principal source the equivalent for 'heavy' is listed as pʼì, with polysemy: 'hard / heavy / strong', this is one case where we prefer to rely on the cohesive evidence of two alternate sources. In [Wedekind 2002: 19], the adjective pʼīʔ is indeed listed, but only under the meaning 'hard'.
Begi Mao:à=síːl1
Wedekind 2002: 19. According to this source, lexically distinct from á=pʼíːʔ 'hard'.
Opo:na=tʼı́kʼā2
Silfhout 2013: 96. Verbal stem: '(be) heavy, load, burden'. Quoted as tʼekaw in [Bender 1983: 276]. Cf. Kusgilo, Buldiit ntika in [Corfield 1938: 160].
Komo:did-agı3
Otero 2015: 11. Verbal stem: 'be heavy'. Quoted as did-in in [Bender 1983: 276]; as dīd-íːnà in [Wedekind 2002: 19]; as díd-ín in [Krell 2011: 23].
Uduk:dìtʰ-á-dìtʰ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 51; Killian 2015: 47. Quoted as as dit̪- in [Bender 1983: 276]. Cf. also t̪ʼír 'to be too heavy to carry' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 165] = t̪ʼír 'too heavy' in [Thelwall 1983: 326].
Gule:ʔaʔe4
Bender 1983: 276.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Kwama:kíːsí1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as kisǝ-ko in [Bender 1983: 277].
Begi Mao:
Not attested.
Opo:nà=ʔīsà2
Silfhout 2013: 92. Cf. =isu 'near' in [Bender 1983: 277].
Komo:ɗiš-agı3
Otero 2015: 14. Verbal stem: 'be near, be close'. Quoted as ɗiš- in [Bender 1983: 277].
Uduk:ɗīš3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 55. The forms are: ɗīš... īs 'to be adjacent'; ɗíš-ēʔ 'soon, near' (adverb)'; ɗīš-á-ɗīš 'near' (adverb). Quoted as dīš- in [Bender 1983: 277]; as ɗíš- in [Killian 2015: 213].
Gule:agge #4
Bender 1983: 277. Listed with lots of question marks.
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Kwama:tʼàšš1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as tʼāš in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as tʼǝš in [Bender 1983: 278].
Begi Mao:tʼāš1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:ā=sàpō #2
Silfhout 2013: 60. Somewhat dubious; this word is not attested in older sources - cf. taš in [Bender 1983: 278] and Kusgilo, Buldiit taš [Corfield 1938: 162], etymologically cognate with the equivalents in other Koman languages. The entry in van Silfhout's data is clearly an innovation (possibly a borrowing, but the source is unclear), and it is not even absolutely clear that this is not some sort of specialized term (e. g. "commercial salt"), accidentally elicited instead of the more basic term. For formal reasons, however, we have to retain it as the primary equivalent.
Komo:tʼaš1
Otero 2015: 66. Quoted as tʼaš in [Bender 1983: 278; Krell 2011: 27]; as tʼaːš in [Wedekind 2002: 21].
Uduk:ɗōŋkōrōʔ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 121. Quoted as -ɗɔŋkʼórè in [Bender 1983: 278]. Unclear relation with the verbal stem ɗāŋ in ɗāŋg-á-ɗāŋ 'salty, very strong saltiness' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 54]. Cf. also ɓālāt̪-á-ɓālāt̪ʼ 'salty' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 36].
Gule:tʼof1
Bender 1983: 278.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Kwama:gùt1
Leyew 2006: 37. Quoted as gʋ̄tʰ in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as =gut in [Bender 1983: 278].
Begi Mao:gʋtʌ-gʋt1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:nà=tūl2
Silfhout 2013: 96. Verbal stem: '(be) short'. Quoted as =tul in [Bender 1983: 278].
Komo:kut-agı1
Otero 2015: 32. Verbal stem: 'be short'. Quoted as kut- in [Bender 1983: 278]; as guːt-íːrà in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as kūt-īn in [Krell 2011: 28].
Uduk:kūtʰ-á-kūtʰ1
Beam & Cridland 1970: 86. The simple verbal stem 'to be short' is listed as kūtʰ- in [Killian 2015: 229]. Quoted as kùt- in [Bender 1983: 278].
Gule:árdɔ̀t3
Bender 1983: 278.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Kwama:bwášà1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as bʷˈāːšà in [Wedekind 2002: 21]; as bʷašaʔ in [Bender 1983: 273].
Begi Mao:bʷaːšaʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 21.
Opo:ʓɔ̄2
Silfhout 2013: 80. Quoted as ʓɔ ~ ʓoːʔ in [Bender 1983: 273]. Cf. Kusgilo zo in [Corfield 1938: 162]. The Buldiit equivalent is different: dutĭn [ibid.].
Komo:dašʋ3
Otero 2015: 10. Meaning is glossed as 'snake (sp.)'. However, all the other sources agree on this as the generic term for 'snake': cf. dàːšóʔ 'snake' [Bender 1983: 273]; dàšú 'snake' [Krell 2011: 29]; ɗàːšʋ́ʔ 'snake' [Wedekind 2002: 21].
Uduk:tāšáʔ3
Beam & Cridland 1970: 148. Quoted as tašáʔ in [Bender 1983: 273]; as tāšá in [Killian 2015: 10].
Gule:bǝ̀mbà4
Bender 1983: 273. Quoted as bamba in [Seligmann 1911: 306].
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Kwama:zìːnzì1
Leyew 2006: 38. Quoted as zˈīːnzī in [Wedekind 2002: 22]; as ziːnzi in [Bender 1983: 273].
Begi Mao:az=ziːnzi1
Wedekind 2002: 22.
Opo:táʔ=ı̀stʼıtʼı2
Silfhout 2013: 113. Quoted as tetes in [Bender 1983: 273].
Komo:bɛzi-agı #3
Otero 2015: 5. Meaning glossed as 'become thin'. Confirmed by bɛ̀z-ín 'thin' in [Krell 2011: 30]. However, [Bender 1983: 273] offers a completely different equivalent: sʼar- 'thin', not confirmed in any other sources. Cf. also pʼɛt-pʼɛt 'thin, flimsy' [Otero 2015: 50].
Uduk:kōr-á-kōr4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 83. Reduplicated adjectival stem; cf. also the nominalized form kór-ón 'the thin ones' [ibid.]. Distinct from répʰ-á-rèpʰ 'thin, of person' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 135]. Additional synonym: tʼíy-á-tʼī 'thin or tiny, of persons; fine of flour; tiny in general; of string' [Beam & Cridland 1970: 158]; the same form is also quoted as tʼīy-á-tʼī in the phrase "this man was fat before, but now he is thin" in [Killian 2015: 285].
Gule:ataːs5
Bender 1983: 273.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Kwama:kàss1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as kʰās in [Wedekind 2002: 23].
Otero 2015: 49. Polysemy: 'wind / air'. Quoted as pùt in [Krell 2011: 32]. Completely different equivalent in [Wedekind 2002: 23]: ɓʋ́làní 'wind'.
Uduk:t̪ʼám4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 164; Killian 2015: 22.
Gule:
Not attested in [Bender 1983]. Cf., however, {mogoss} 'wind' in [Lejean 1865: 249], also quoted as muːgŭs in [Seligmann 1911: 301].
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Kwama:búːlù1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as bˈúːlú in [Wedekind 2002: 23].
Begi Mao:buːlúʔ1
Wedekind 2002: 23.
Opo:nīnɔ̀2
Silfhout 2013: 97.
Komo:sʼwanda3
Otero 2015: 61. Quoted as sʼōndá in [Krell 2011: 32]. Cf. also nogo 'worm (sp.)' [Otero 2015: 46].
Uduk:ʓóːléʔ4
Beam & Cridland 1970: 77. Meaning glossed as: 'earthworm; also seed eaters'. Quoted as ʓóléʔ 'worm' in [Thelwall 1983: 328]. According to Don Killian p.c., the word has a rising tone on the first vowel, i. e. ʓǒlé(ʔ).
Gule:
Not attested.
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Kwama:nàːtà1
Leyew 2006: 39. Quoted as naːta in [Bender 1983: 281].
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